Sleep
Conditions
Keywords
Nutrients, Diet, Sleep Quality, Middle-aged adults, Older adults
Brief summary
Sleep is essential to health. Quality of sleep, measure through indexes of sleep, is related to the incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and premature death. Sleep pattern changes as people age. They tend to have a harder time falling asleep and more trouble staying asleep than when they were younger. Studies have shown that food/nutrient intake may be associated with sleep duration, quality, and patterns. Singapore's population is aging rapidly and improving their indexes of sleep may result in their health promotion.
Detailed description
Sleep is essential to health and indexes of sleep including duration, quality, and patterning are related to the incidence of chronic diseases and premature death. Changes in sleep patterns are a part of the aging process and as people age, they tend to have a harder time falling asleep and more trouble staying asleep than when they were younger. Certain cross-sectional studies have shown that food/nutrient intake may be associated with sleep duration, quality, and patterns. In the last decade, Singapore's population has grown older. However, limited research examined the association between food/nutrient intake and indexes of sleep in middle-aged and older population in Singapore. Therefore, with a growing number of elderly, studies on improving their sleep quality can play a significant role in improving their quality of life. This is a cross-sectional study and subjects require a 1-day visit (one time visit ONLY). Generally healthy middle-aged and older population will be recruited and after the phone screening and validated subjects will complete the medical history questionnaire and to be brought on the day of visit. During the visit, subjects will stay approximately 3-h to complete the testing. After completing the consent form, fasting-state blood collection and general health assessment will be conducted. Then subjects will be asked to complete the questionnaires to assess sleep quality and dietary intake.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
National University of Singapore
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
50 Years to 75 Years
Inclusion criteria
1. Ability to give an informed consent 2. Age 50 to 75 years 3. Not taking dietary supplements which may impact the outcome of the interests (I.e. dietary protein and vitamin supplements) 4. Not having significant dietary changes for the past 1 year (i.e. weight loss, vegetarian diet) 5. Having sufficient venous access to allow the blood collection 6. Willing to follow the study procedure
Exclusion criteria
1. Unable to give an informed consent 2. Age \< 50 years 3. Taking dietary supplements which may impact the outcome of the interest (i.e. dietary proteins and vitamin supplements) 4. Having/had significant dietary changes for the past 1 year 5. Not having sufficient venous access to allow the blood collection 6. Unwilling to follow the study procedure
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Efficiency) | Day 1 | Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Sleep efficiency (%) |
| Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (GSS) | Day 1 | Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Global Sleep Score (GSS): 0-21 (arbitrary unit; au) A lower value indicates better sleep quality |
| Sleep Quality Assessment 2 | Day 1 | Sleep evaluation questionnaire Score: 0-56 (arbitrary unit) Lower score suggests better sleep |
| Dietary Assessment | Day 1 | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) |
| Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Carotenoids) | Day 3 | 3 Day 24-Hr Dietary Recall: Participants will be given a diagram showing serving sizes that they can refer to for measurements. Only 3 out of the 7 days of the week are required for the participants to record their food intake. Results are reported as the average value of the analysed nutrients (dietary carotenoids) across the 3 days the dietary data was collected. |
| Blood Amino Acid Concentration (Plasma Tryptophan) | Day 1 | Amino acid analysis on collected blood serum for blood amino acid profile. |
| Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Day 3 | 3 Day 24-Hr Dietary Recall: Participants will be given a diagram showing serving sizes that they can refer to for measurements. Only 3 out of the 7 days of the week are required for the participants to record their food intake. Results are reported as the average value of the analysed nutrients (dietary fat) across the 3 days the dietary data was collected. |
| Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Duration) | Day 1 | Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Sleep duration (hours) |
| Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Latency) | Day 1 | Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Sleep latency (minutes) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric Measurements 1 | Day 1 | Height (kg) |
| Anthropometric Measurements 2 | Day 1 | Weight (kg) |
| Anthropometric Measurements 3 | Day 1 | Waist circumference (cm) |
| Skin Carotenoid Status | Day 1 | Measure with resonance Raman spectroscopy. A higher score is indicative of raised skin carotenoid levels and hence, a better outcome |
| Perceived Stress Assessment | Day 1 | Perceived stress assessment (PSS) questionnaire Score: 0-40 (arbitrary unit; au) A higher score indicates higher perceived stress |
| Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Day 1 | Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, ldl-cholesterol, hdl-cholesterol and glucose concentration |
| Plasma Carotenoids Concentration | Day 1 | High performance liquid chromatography quantitative analyses of carotenoids in plasma samples |
| Blood Pressure | Day 1 | Blood pressure using electronic devices that work on the oscillometric technique. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure are both collected and reported |
Countries
Singapore
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Association Between Food/Nutrient Intake and Sleep Quality This is a cross-sectional study and it does not have an arm/group | 108 |
| Total | 108 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Association Between Food/Nutrient Intake and Sleep Quality |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 58.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Caucasian | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Chinese | 94 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Indian | 6 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Malaysian | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Others | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 62 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 46 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 108 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 108 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 108 |
Outcome results
Primary
Blood Amino Acid Concentration (Plasma Tryptophan)
Amino acid analysis on collected blood serum for blood amino acid profile.
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Amino Acid Concentration (Plasma Tryptophan) | 21.6 nmol/mL | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Amino Acid Concentration (Plasma Tryptophan) | 24.7 nmol/mL | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
| Overall Data | Blood Amino Acid Concentration (Plasma Tryptophan) | 22.8 nmol/mL | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
Primary
Dietary Assessment
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
Time frame: Day 1
Primary
Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Carotenoids)
3 Day 24-Hr Dietary Recall: Participants will be given a diagram showing serving sizes that they can refer to for measurements. Only 3 out of the 7 days of the week are required for the participants to record their food intake. Results are reported as the average value of the analysed nutrients (dietary carotenoids) across the 3 days the dietary data was collected.
Time frame: Day 3
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Carotenoids) | 11.6 mg | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Carotenoids) | 8.8 mg | Standard Deviation 6.7 |
| Overall Data | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Carotenoids) | 10.5 mg | Standard Deviation 8.1 |
Primary
Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients)
3 Day 24-Hr Dietary Recall: Participants will be given a diagram showing serving sizes that they can refer to for measurements. Only 3 out of the 7 days of the week are required for the participants to record their food intake. Results are reported as the average value of the analysed nutrients (dietary fat) across the 3 days the dietary data was collected.
Time frame: Day 3
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Fat | 34.3 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Carbohydrate | 47.3 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 6.8 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Protein | 18.4 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 4 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Fat | 32.8 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 7 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Protein | 19.1 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 4.2 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Carbohydrate | 48.1 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 8.7 |
| Overall Data | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Carbohydrate | 47.6 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 7.5 |
| Overall Data | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Protein | 18.7 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| Overall Data | Dietary Assessment 2 (Dietary Macronutrients) | Total Fat | 33.7 percentage of energy intake | Standard Deviation 6.6 |
Primary
Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (GSS)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Global Sleep Score (GSS): 0-21 (arbitrary unit; au) A lower value indicates better sleep quality
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (GSS) | 3.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (GSS) | 8.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Overall Data | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (GSS) | 5.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
Primary
Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Duration)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Sleep duration (hours)
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Duration) | 6.7 hours | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Duration) | 6.2 hours | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Overall Data | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Duration) | 6.5 hours | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
Primary
Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Efficiency)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Sleep efficiency (%)
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Efficiency) | 93.9 percentage of sleep from time in bed | Standard Deviation 5.8 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Efficiency) | 84.6 percentage of sleep from time in bed | Standard Deviation 9.7 |
| Overall Data | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Efficiency) | 90.4 percentage of sleep from time in bed | Standard Deviation 8.7 |
Primary
Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Latency)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Sleep latency (minutes)
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Latency) | 10 minutes | Standard Deviation 7.6 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Latency) | 26 minutes | Standard Deviation 17.7 |
| Overall Data | Sleep Quality Assessment 1 (Sleep Latency) | 16.0 minutes | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
Primary
Sleep Quality Assessment 2
Sleep evaluation questionnaire Score: 0-56 (arbitrary unit) Lower score suggests better sleep
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 2 | 5.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.32 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Sleep Quality Assessment 2 | 9.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.69 |
| Overall Data | Sleep Quality Assessment 2 | 6.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.37 |
Secondary
Anthropometric Measurements 1
Height (kg)
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Anthropometric Measurements 1 | 161.9 cm | Standard Deviation 7.9 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Anthropometric Measurements 1 | 160.2 cm | Standard Deviation 8.9 |
| Overall Data | Anthropometric Measurements 1 | 161.3 cm | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
Secondary
Anthropometric Measurements 2
Weight (kg)
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Anthropometric Measurements 2 | 63.2 kg | Standard Deviation 14 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Anthropometric Measurements 2 | 60.7 kg | Standard Deviation 11.6 |
| Overall Data | Anthropometric Measurements 2 | 62.3 kg | Standard Deviation 13.1 |
Secondary
Anthropometric Measurements 3
Waist circumference (cm)
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Anthropometric Measurements 3 | 83.6 cm | Standard Deviation 13.1 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Anthropometric Measurements 3 | 81.5 cm | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| Overall Data | Anthropometric Measurements 3 | 82.8 cm | Standard Deviation 12.1 |
Secondary
Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile
Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, ldl-cholesterol, hdl-cholesterol and glucose concentration
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | HDL-cholesterol | 1.58 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Total cholesterol | 5.4 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | LDL-cholesterol | 3.22 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Triglyceride | 1.23 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Glucose | 5.50 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Triglyceride | 1.16 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | LDL-cholesterol | 3.15 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | HDL-cholesterol | 1.62 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Glucose | 5.37 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.26 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Total cholesterol | 5.3 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Overall Data | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Glucose | 5.5 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Overall Data | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | LDL-cholesterol | 3.19 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Overall Data | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Triglyceride | 1.20 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Overall Data | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | Total cholesterol | 5.3 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Overall Data | Blood Lipid and Glucose Profile | HDL-cholesterol | 1.60 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
Secondary
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure using electronic devices that work on the oscillometric technique. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure are both collected and reported
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Pressure | Diastolic Blood Pressure | 76 mmHg | Standard Deviation 10.2 |
| Good Sleep Quality | Blood Pressure | Systolic Blood Pressure | 118.9 mmHg | Standard Deviation 16.1 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Pressure | Diastolic Blood Pressure | 73.1 mmHg | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Blood Pressure | Systolic Blood Pressure | 113.4 mmHg | Standard Deviation 18.4 |
| Overall Data | Blood Pressure | Systolic Blood Pressure | 116.8 mmHg | Standard Deviation 17.1 |
| Overall Data | Blood Pressure | Diastolic Blood Pressure | 74.9 mmHg | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
Secondary
Perceived Stress Assessment
Perceived stress assessment (PSS) questionnaire Score: 0-40 (arbitrary unit; au) A higher score indicates higher perceived stress
Time frame: Day 1
Population: Current data is the overall mean of the subjects that has participated. Comparison analysis is incomplete and still in progress.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Perceived Stress Assessment | 10.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Perceived Stress Assessment | 14.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.8 |
| Overall Data | Perceived Stress Assessment | 12.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.8 |
Secondary
Plasma Carotenoids Concentration
High performance liquid chromatography quantitative analyses of carotenoids in plasma samples
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Plasma Carotenoids Concentration | 1.14 mg/L | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Plasma Carotenoids Concentration | 1.22 mg/L | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Overall Data | Plasma Carotenoids Concentration | 1.17 mg/L | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
Secondary
Skin Carotenoid Status
Measure with resonance Raman spectroscopy. A higher score is indicative of raised skin carotenoid levels and hence, a better outcome
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good Sleep Quality | Skin Carotenoid Status | 32746 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11195 |
| Poor Sleep Quality | Skin Carotenoid Status | 35307 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13139 |
| Overall Data | Skin Carotenoid Status | 33707 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11963 |