Linezolid, Tuberculosis, Meningeal
Conditions
Keywords
tuberculous meningitis, linezolid, pharmacokinetic study
Brief summary
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the most severe manifestation of TB, resulting in death or neurological disability in up to 50% of affected patients, despite antibacterial treatment. This TBM treatment follows the model for pulmonary TB by using the same first-line TB drugs (a combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) and the same dosing guidelines, although it is known that penetration of two of these drugs (rifampicin and ethambutol) into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is limited. Improvement of treatment of TBM is urgently needed. To do so, a combination of two interventions will be investigated in this study. A series of phase II clinical trials on higher doses of the pivotal TB drug rifampicin in Indonesian patients with TBM have shown that the dose of rifampicin can be increased from 10 mg/kg orally (standard dose) up to 30 mg/kg orally, resulting in a strong increase in exposure to this drug in plasma and CSF, no increase in grade III or IV adverse effects, and a reduction in mortality. Similarly, higher doses of rifampicin up to 35 mg/kg resulted in strong increases in plasma concentrations; the doses were well tolerated and reduced time to sputum conversion in African pulmonary TB patients. Next to a higher dose of rifampicin, the approved antibacterial drug linezolid seems a good candidate for a new TBM regimen. The drug penetrates well into the CSF and is applied successfully against other central nervous system (CNS) infections (e.g. caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). In a study in China, linezolid in a dose of 600 mg BID orally strongly increased recovery of patients with TBM response. Linezolid is also being investigated as a new drug for (drug-resistant) pulmonary TB in numerous studies, in a dose of 1200 mg once daily. More severe adverse effects to this drug typically occur only after prolonged treatment during several months, not during short-term treatment. Overall, linezolid is expected to be a promising and tolerable candidate for a new intensified TBM treatment regimen consisting of a backbone of high dose rifampicin plus linezolid.
Detailed description
Overall aim is to determine the most appropriate dose of linezolid in the treatment of TB meningitis, when combined with high-dose rifampicin (35 mg/kg orally), to be tested in larger clinical follow-up studies.
Interventions
DRUGLinezolid
Overall, there is an urgent need for improvement of TBM treatment. LInezolid is known to be well-penetrated to blood brain barrier. A combination of high-dose rifampicin and linezolid as an intensified add-on therapy in the management of TB meningitis has never been studied. The goal is to assess the most appropriate dose of linezolid for larger follow-up studies and to evaluate the feasibility of a linezolid-containing TBM regimen.
Sponsors
Radboud University Medical Center
Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
Universitas Padjadjaran
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
TB meningitis patients will be randomised into three treatment groups to either receive no linezolid (control group); or 600 mg QD or 1200 mg QD linezolid next to high dose rifampicin (\ 35 mg/kg, based on weight), isoniazid (H) 300 mg, pyrazinamide (Z) 1500 mg and ethambutol (E) 750 mg once daily administered orally for 14 days. All patients will receive dexamethasone according to standard dosing in TBM.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age: 18 years old or older * Clinically diagnosed as TB meningitis patient * CSF/blood glucose ratio \< 0.5 * Willing to participate in the study by signing informed consent
Exclusion criteria
Patients who have one of the following criteria will be excluded: * Failure to diagnostic lumbar puncture * Confirmed cryptococcus meningitis (LFA) in HIV-positive patients; or diagnosed as bacterial meningitis based on clinical assessment and routine CSF examination. * Treatment for tuberculosis for more than 3 days before admission * History of TBM * Current treatment with: MAO inhibitors, direct and indirect acting sympathomimetic drugs, vasopressive drugs, dopaminergic compounds, buspiron, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, triptans, tramadol and meperidine * History (\< 2 weeks before start of linezolid) of taking any MAO inhibitors * Pregnant or lactating females * Hepatic insufficiency (ALT\>5x upper normal limit) * Kidney dysfunction (eGFR \<50ml/min) * Known hypersensitivity to rifampicin and/or linezolid * Rapid clinical deterioration at time of presentation (sepsis, decreasing consciousness, or signs of cerebral oedema or herniation)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Linezolid exposure in blood and CSF | day 2 and day 11 | Linezolid exposure in blood (full plasma concentration-versus-time profiles (0-24h)) will be measured in 2 days, i.e. day 2 (+/- 1) and at day 11 (+/- 1) of TB treatment. In each sampling day, there will be 6 sampling points i.e. at 0 (pre-dose), 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after study medication intake One CSF sample per patient will be taken at the same day as PK sampling i.e. at 2, 4 or 8 hours post dose. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical response | Day 3, 7 and 14. | Clinical response includes resolution of fever, resolution of hyponatremia etc. |
| Neurological response | Day 3, 7 and 14. | Neurological response includes resolution of consciousness, development of raised intracranial pressure, etc. |
| Serious adverse event | Day 3, 7, 10 and 14 | Serious adverse events assessed daily during the 14 days of intensified treatment (e.g. gastro-intestinal intolerance), and grade 1-4 adverse events (e.g. liver function and hematology) assessed at day 3, 7, 10 and 14. |
| Blood inflammatory response | at PK days (day 2 and 11), and day 7 and 14 | Profile of inflammatory response in blood |
| CSF inflammatory response | at PK sampling days (day 2 and 11) | inflammatory response in CSF at PK sampling days |
| Mortality | Within 14 days and 1 month after starting treatment | mortality during the first month will be recorded and cause of death will be classified as neurologic or non-neurologic, if applicable |
Countries
Indonesia
Outcome results
None listed