Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic Low Back Pain, Chronic Pain, Fibromyalgia
Conditions
Keywords
Rehabilitation, Pain Management
Brief summary
This study explores whether it is feasible to use a newly developed activity pacing framework to standardise how activity pacing is instructed by healthcare professionals in rehabilitation programmes for patients with chronic pain/fatigue.
Detailed description
Activity pacing is frequently advised in the management of chronic pain/fatigue, including chronic low back pain, chronic widespread pain/fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. However, there is no agreed definition of 'activity pacing' and it is instructed in various ways. For some, pacing involves adapting/limiting activities (for example, breaking down tasks/having rests); while for others, pacing involves having consistent activities/gradually increasing activities. Furthermore, pacing has been associated with both improved symptoms (decreased fatigue/anxiety/depression) and worsened symptoms (increased pain/disability). Due to the high prevalence and cost (personal and financial) of chronic pain/fatigue, it is imperative that coping strategies such as pacing are clearly defined and evidence-based. This study involves Stage III in the development of an activity pacing framework to standardise how pacing is instructed by healthcare professionals. Stage I: Online Survey of pacing involved 92 healthcare professionals (doctors/nurses/physiotherapists/occupational therapists/clinical psychologists). The survey findings, together with existing research were used to develop the pacing framework. The framework was further developed in Stage II: Nominal Group Technique (consensus meeting), involving four patients and six healthcare professionals. Stage III will test the feasibility of implementing the pacing framework clinically, by using it to underpin existing rehabilitation programmes for chronic pain/fatigue. Patients will attend rehabilitation programmes at the study sites as per usual practice. Patients' participation in this study involves their completion of a booklet of questionnaires. The aim of this feasibility study is to explore whether the activity pacing framework is usable in the clinical setting, to explore recruitment/retention rates, together with changes in symptoms between the start and end of treatment, and at 3-months follow-up. Stage III will also explore the acceptability of the framework by undertaking interviews with the patients and healthcare professionals involved in the rehabilitation programmes. Stage III is expected to last 22 months. Future study will test the framework in a clinical trial to assess the effects of pacing on patients' symptoms. The pacing framework has the potential to improve treatments by providing guidance on the components of pacing found to have benefits for patients. This study is funded by a Health Education England/National Institute for Health Research (HEE/NIHR) Integrated Clinical Academic (ICA) Clinical Lectureship.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALActivity pacing framework
The activity pacing framework will be used to structure and standardise the instructions of pacing in existing rehabilitation programmes for adult patients with chronic pain/fatigue. The activity pacing framework has been developed in Stages I and II of this research. Stage I involved an online survey of activity pacing across healthcare professionals in England. The survey findings, together with existing research were used to develop the first draft of the framework. The framework was refined in Stage II: Nominal group technique (consensus method). The activity pacing framework describes the aims, facets and stages of pacing, together with how pacing relates to different behavioural typologies and other pain management strategies.
Sponsors
University of Leeds
National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom
Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Feasibility Study Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with an initial General Practitioner (GP)/hospital consultant referral to The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust with diagnoses of chronic low back pain, chronic widespread pain, fibromyalgia or CFS/ME, with a minimum symptom duration of 3 months. * Patients referred to a rehabilitation programme for chronic pain/fatigue * Patients aged ≥18 years * Patients able to read/write in English
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with evidence of a serious underlying pathology, such as a current diagnosis of cancer * Patients with severe mental health/cognitive functioning issues Acceptability Study (qualitative interviews) Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with an initial GP/hospital consultant referral to The Pennine Acute Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust with diagnoses of chronic low back pain, chronic widespread pain, fibromyalgia or CFS/ME, with a minimum symptom duration of 3 months (as per the feasibility study). * Patients who attended a minimum of one session of the rehabilitation programme, who consented to the study and completed the first questionnaire booklet. Patients do not need to have completed the programme, since the interviews will include patients who both completed and did not complete the programme. * Qualified healthcare professionals delivering the rehabilitation programmes who received training in using the activity pacing framework: physiotherapists and psychological wellbeing practitioners employed by The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust and Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme | Change in activity pacing from baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) to the end of the 6-week's programme | The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to assess the changes in activity pacing from baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) to end of the programme (6-week's programme). Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to measure activity pacing at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies. |
| Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to measure activity pacing at the end of the 6-week's programme. Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies. |
| Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to measure activity pacing at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies. |
| Pain at Baseline: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | Two 11-point Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) will assess current pain and usual pain, where 0='no pain' and 10='worst possible pain' at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) |
| Pain at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | Two 11-point Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) will assess current pain and usual pain, where 0='no pain' and 10='worst possible pain' at the end of the 6-week's programme. |
| Pain at 3-months Follow up: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | Two 11-point Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) will assess current pain and usual pain, where 0='no pain' and 10='worst possible pain' at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme |
| Depression at Baseline: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) contains nine items that screen for and measure the severity of depression in the clinical setting. Items are developed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The total range of scores is 0-27, where 1-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression and ≥15=severe depression. |
| Depression at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) contains nine items that screen for and measure the severity of depression in the clinical setting. Items are developed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-27, where 1-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression and ≥15=severe depression. |
| Depression at 3-months Follow-up: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) contains nine items that screen for and measure the severity of depression in the clinical setting. Items are developed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-27, where 1-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression and ≥15=severe depression. |
| Anxiety at Baseline: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) contains seven items that screen for and measure the severity of anxiety in the clinical setting. The items are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The total range of scores is 0-21, where 5-9=mild anxiety, 10-14=moderate anxiety and ≥15=severe anxiety. |
| Anxiety at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) contains seven items that screen for and measure the severity of anxiety in the clinical setting. The items are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-21, where 5-9=mild anxiety, 10-14=moderate anxiety and ≥15=severe anxiety. |
| Anxiety at 3-months Follow up: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) contains seven items that screen for and measure the severity of anxiety in the clinical setting. The items are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-21, where 5-9=mild anxiety, 10-14=moderate anxiety and ≥15=severe anxiety. |
| Self-efficacy at Baseline: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) contains 10 items that assess a persons' confidence in their ability to do things despite their pain. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The range of total scores is 0-60 where PSEQ≥40 indicate those patients who are more likely to continue implementing coping strategies and PSEQ≤16 are considered low. |
| Self-efficacy at the End of Treatment: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) contains 10 items that assess a persons' confidence in their ability to do things despite their pain. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The range of total scores is 0-60 where PSEQ≥40 indicate those patients who are more likely to continue implementing coping strategies and PSEQ≤16 are considered low. |
| Self-efficacy at 3-months Follow up: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) contains 10 items that assess a persons' confidence in their ability to do things despite their pain. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The range of total scores is 0-60 where PSEQ≥40 indicate those patients who are more likely to continue implementing coping strategies and PSEQ≤16 are considered low. |
| Fatigue at Baseline: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) contains two subscales: physical fatigue (seven items) and mental fatigue (four items). This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The total range for physical fatigue is 7-28 and the range for mental fatigue is 4-16, where higher scores indicated less fatigue. |
| Fatigue at the End of Treatment: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) contains two subscales: physical fatigue (seven items) and mental fatigue (four items). This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range for physical fatigue is 7-28 and the range for mental fatigue is 4-16, where higher scores indicated less fatigue. |
| Fatigue at 3-months Follow up: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) contains two subscales: physical fatigue (seven items) and mental fatigue (four items). This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range for physical fatigue is 7-28 and the range for mental fatigue is 4-16, where higher scores indicated less fatigue. |
| Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at Baseline: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short version (PASS-20) measures pain-related fear, anxiety and avoidance and it contains four subscales: cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fearful thoughts and physiological anxiety. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). Only the Escape/avoidance subscale data were analysed to provide an measure of avoidance. The total score of this 5 item subscale ranges from 0-25 where higher scores indicated greater avoidance. |
| Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at the End of Treatment: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short version (PASS-20) measures pain-related fear, anxiety and avoidance and it contains four subscales: cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fearful thoughts and physiological anxiety. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. Only the Escape/avoidance subscale data were analysed to provide an measure of avoidance. The total score of this 5 item subscale ranges from 0-25 where higher scores indicated greater avoidance. |
| Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at 3-months Follow up: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short version (PASS-20) measures pain-related fear, anxiety and avoidance and it contains four subscales: cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fearful thoughts and physiological anxiety. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. Only the Escape/avoidance subscale data were analysed to provide an measure of avoidance. The total score of this 5 item subscale ranges from 0-25 where higher scores indicated greater avoidance. |
| Physical and Mental Function at Baseline: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a generic health survey that assesses physical and mental function. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The two subscale scores have a maximum score of 100, where higher scores indicated better function. |
| Physical and Mental Function at the End of Treatment: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a generic health survey that assesses physical and mental function. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The two subscale scores have a maximum score of 100, where higher scores indicated better function. |
| Physical and Mental Function at 3-months Follow up: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a generic health survey that assesses physical and mental function. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The two subscale scores have a maximum score of 100, where higher scores indicated better function. |
| General Health Status and Quality of Life at Baseline: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) | Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) | The EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health status that is widely used to assess both clinical and economic efficacy; and to compare health status across diseases. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The EQ-5D-5L was calculated as an index score (0-1) where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. |
| General Health Status and Quality of Life at the End of Treatment: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) | 6-weeks (end of the programme) | The EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health status that is widely used to assess both clinical and economic efficacy; and to compare health status across diseases. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The EQ-5D-5L was calculated as an index score (0-1) where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. |
| General Health Status and Quality of Life at 3-months Follow up: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) | 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme) | The EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health status that is widely used to assess both clinical and economic efficacy; and to compare health status across diseases. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The EQ-5D-5L was calculated as an index score (0-1) where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. |
Countries
United Kingdom
Participant flow
Recruitment details
For the feasibility study, patient recruitment occurred between 21st May 2018 and 3rd September 2019. Patients were recruited from those referred to a rehabilitation programme within a physiotherapy-led, out-patient service in a National Health Service (NHS) Trust in Northern England. The acceptability interviews involved patients (as above) and healthcare professionals (HCPs) delivering the programmes. HCP recruitment occurred between 18th September 2019 and 6th November 2019.
Pre-assignment details
This was a single-arm feasibility study. All patients received the same treatment, that is, they all attended the same rehabilitation programme that was underpinned by the activity pacing framework. Excluded from the study were those patients who did not meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework Adult patients attending rehabilitation programmes underpinned by the activity pacing framework.
Activity pacing framework: The activity pacing framework will be used to structure and standardise the instructions of pacing in existing rehabilitation programmes for adult patients with chronic pain/fatigue. The activity pacing framework has been developed in Stages I and II of this research. Stage I involved an online survey of activity pacing across healthcare professionals in England. The survey findings, together with existing research were used to develop the first draft of the framework. The framework was refined in Stage II: Nominal group technique (consensus method). The activity pacing framework describes the aims, facets and stages of pacing, together with how pacing relates to different behavioural typologies and other pain management strategies. | 107 |
| Total | 107 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Activity Pacing Framework |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 55.25 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.83 |
| Conditions Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) | 12 Participants |
| Conditions Chronic widespread pain | 52 Participants |
| Conditions Fibromyalgia | 29 Participants |
| Conditions Low back pain | 79 Participants |
| Conditions Other (e.g. osteoarthritis) | 21 Participants |
| Number of conditions 1 condition | 41 Participants |
| Number of conditions 2 conditions | 49 Participants |
| Number of conditions 3 conditions | 12 Participants |
| Number of conditions 4 conditions | 2 Participants |
| Number of conditions 5 conditions | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity Asian Eastern (Chinese, other) | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, other) | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity Black (Caribbean, African) | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity Mixed (White/Black, White/Asian, other) | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity White (British, Irish, Other) | 99 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 92 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 15 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 107 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 107 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 107 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme
The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to assess the changes in activity pacing from baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) to end of the programme (6-week's programme). Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies.
Time frame: Change in activity pacing from baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme) to the end of the 6-week's programme
Population: Of the 107 participants who commenced the rehabilitation programme and provided baseline data (T1), 65 participants completed the data collection at the end of the 6-week rehabilitation programme. There were two missing answers for APQ-28 Activity adjustment.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme | APQ-28 Activity planning | 0.99 score on a scale |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme | APQ-28 Activity consistency | 0.84 score on a scale |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme | APQ-28 Activity adjustment | 0.70 score on a scale |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme | APQ-28 Activity acceptance | 0.67 score on a scale |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Change in Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) From Baseline to the End of the 6-week's Programme | APQ-28 Activity progression | 0.94 score on a scale |
Secondary
Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28)
The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to measure activity pacing at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: Of the 107 participants who completed baseline data collection (T1) and those who completed the end of treatment (T2) data collection, 52 participants completed the 3-month follow-up data collection (T3). There were two missing answers for APQ Activity adjustment.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity adjustment | 2.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity planning | 2.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity consistency | 2.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity acceptance | 2.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at 3-months Follow up: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity progression | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
Secondary
Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28)
The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to measure activity pacing at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: Included in these analyses are all 107 participants who provided data at baseline. There is one missing answer for APQ-28 Activity adjustment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity adjustment | 1.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity planning | 1.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity acceptance | 1.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity consistency | 1.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at Baseline: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity progression | 1.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
Secondary
Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28)
The Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ) was developed to measure different themes of activity pacing. The APQ was initially validated among a sample of patients with chronic pain/fatigue and contained 26 items. Factor analysis identified five themes of pacing contained within the APQ-26: Activity adjustment, Activity consistency, Activity planning, Activity acceptance and Activity progression. The APQ-26 has been modified for the purpose of this study with the addition of two items to correspond to important aspects of pacing that were not included in the APQ-26. The APQ-28 reflects the content of the activity pacing framework. The APQ-28 will be used to measure activity pacing at the end of the 6-week's programme. Each of the five themes of pacing is calculated as a mean score (0-4), where higher scores indicated more implementation of pacing strategies.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: Of the 107 participants who completed baseline data (T1), 65 completed data collection at the end of the 6-week rehabilitation programme (T2). There were two missing answers for APQ-28 Activity adjustment.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity adjustment | 2.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity planning | 2.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity consistency | 2.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity acceptance | 2.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Activity Pacing at the End of Treatment: Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-28) | APQ-28 Activity progression | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
Secondary
Anxiety at 3-months Follow up: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7)
The Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) contains seven items that screen for and measure the severity of anxiety in the clinical setting. The items are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-21, where 5-9=mild anxiety, 10-14=moderate anxiety and ≥15=severe anxiety.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: 52 participants provided data at 3-months (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Anxiety at 3-months Follow up: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | 6.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.23 |
Secondary
Anxiety at Baseline: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7)
The Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) contains seven items that screen for and measure the severity of anxiety in the clinical setting. The items are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The total range of scores is 0-21, where 5-9=mild anxiety, 10-14=moderate anxiety and ≥15=severe anxiety.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: One missing answer from the 107 participants at baseline (T1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Anxiety at Baseline: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | 9.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.92 |
Secondary
Anxiety at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7)
The Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) contains seven items that screen for and measure the severity of anxiety in the clinical setting. The items are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-21, where 5-9=mild anxiety, 10-14=moderate anxiety and ≥15=severe anxiety.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: 65 participants at 6-weeks data collection (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Anxiety at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | 5.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.12 |
Secondary
Depression at 3-months Follow-up: Patient Health Questionnaire-9
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) contains nine items that screen for and measure the severity of depression in the clinical setting. Items are developed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-27, where 1-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression and ≥15=severe depression.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: One missing answer from the 52 participants at T3.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Depression at 3-months Follow-up: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | 9.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.76 |
Secondary
Depression at Baseline: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) contains nine items that screen for and measure the severity of depression in the clinical setting. Items are developed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The total range of scores is 0-27, where 1-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression and ≥15=severe depression.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: Three missing answers from the 107 participants at baseline (T1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Depression at Baseline: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 13.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.86 |
Secondary
Depression at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) contains nine items that screen for and measure the severity of depression in the clinical setting. Items are developed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range of scores is 0-27, where 1-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression and ≥15=severe depression.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: Two missing answers from the 65 participants at T2
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Depression at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 7.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.09 |
Secondary
Fatigue at 3-months Follow up: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ)
The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) contains two subscales: physical fatigue (seven items) and mental fatigue (four items). This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range for physical fatigue is 7-28 and the range for mental fatigue is 4-16, where higher scores indicated less fatigue.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: Three missing answers for the Physical fatigue subscale; one missing answer for the Mental fatigue subscale
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Fatigue at 3-months Follow up: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Physical fatigue | 18.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.16 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Fatigue at 3-months Follow up: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Mental fatigue | 10.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.34 |
Secondary
Fatigue at Baseline: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ)
The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) contains two subscales: physical fatigue (seven items) and mental fatigue (four items). This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The total range for physical fatigue is 7-28 and the range for mental fatigue is 4-16, where higher scores indicated less fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: 107 participants completed the first questionnaire booklet (T1). However, there were four missing answers for physical fatigue (n=103) and one missing answer for mental fatigue (n-106)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Fatigue at Baseline: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Physical fatigue | 14.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.54 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Fatigue at Baseline: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Mental fatigue | 8.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.94 |
Secondary
Fatigue at the End of Treatment: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ)
The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) contains two subscales: physical fatigue (seven items) and mental fatigue (four items). This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The total range for physical fatigue is 7-28 and the range for mental fatigue is 4-16, where higher scores indicated less fatigue.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: 65 participants completed the 6-weeks questionnaire booklet (T2). However, there were three missing answers on the Physical fatigue subscale (n=62) and one missing answer on the Mental fatigue scale (n=64).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Fatigue at the End of Treatment: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Physical fatigue | 20.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.92 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Fatigue at the End of Treatment: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) | Mental fatigue | 11.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
Secondary
General Health Status and Quality of Life at 3-months Follow up: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L)
The EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health status that is widely used to assess both clinical and economic efficacy; and to compare health status across diseases. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The EQ-5D-5L was calculated as an index score (0-1) where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: Seven missing answers from the 52 participants who responded to the 3-months follow-up (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | General Health Status and Quality of Life at 3-months Follow up: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) | 0.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
Secondary
General Health Status and Quality of Life at Baseline: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L)
The EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health status that is widely used to assess both clinical and economic efficacy; and to compare health status across diseases. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The EQ-5D-5L was calculated as an index score (0-1) where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: Seven missing answers from the 107 participants at baseline (T1).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | General Health Status and Quality of Life at Baseline: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) | 0.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
Secondary
General Health Status and Quality of Life at the End of Treatment: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L)
The EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health status that is widely used to assess both clinical and economic efficacy; and to compare health status across diseases. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The EQ-5D-5L was calculated as an index score (0-1) where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: Six missing answers from the 65 participants at 6-weeks (T2) data collection
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | General Health Status and Quality of Life at the End of Treatment: EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) | 0.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
Secondary
Pain at 3-months Follow up: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain
Two 11-point Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) will assess current pain and usual pain, where 0='no pain' and 10='worst possible pain' at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: 52 participants completed the questionnaire booklets at 3-months follow-up. However, there were two missing answers for Usual pain.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain at 3-months Follow up: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Current pain | 5.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.31 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain at 3-months Follow up: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Usual pain | 6.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.93 |
Secondary
Pain at Baseline: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain
Two 11-point Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) will assess current pain and usual pain, where 0='no pain' and 10='worst possible pain' at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: 107 participants completed the baseline questionnaire booklet. However, there was one missing answer for Current pain (n=106); and four missing answers for Usual pain (n=103).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain at Baseline: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Current pain | 6.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.96 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain at Baseline: 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Usual pain | 7.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.69 |
Secondary
Pain at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain
Two 11-point Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) will assess current pain and usual pain, where 0='no pain' and 10='worst possible pain' at the end of the 6-week's programme.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: All 65 participants completed the scales for current and usual pain in the 6-weeks (T2) questionnaire booklet. There were no missing answers
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Current pain | 5.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.38 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain at the End of Treatment (6-weeks): 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain | Usual pain | 6.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.08 |
Secondary
Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at 3-months Follow up: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20)
The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short version (PASS-20) measures pain-related fear, anxiety and avoidance and it contains four subscales: cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fearful thoughts and physiological anxiety. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. Only the Escape/avoidance subscale data were analysed to provide an measure of avoidance. The total score of this 5 item subscale ranges from 0-25 where higher scores indicated greater avoidance.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: All 52 participants at 3-months follow-up (T3) provided an answer for this subscale.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at 3-months Follow up: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20) | 12.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.79 |
Secondary
Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at Baseline: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20)
The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short version (PASS-20) measures pain-related fear, anxiety and avoidance and it contains four subscales: cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fearful thoughts and physiological anxiety. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). Only the Escape/avoidance subscale data were analysed to provide an measure of avoidance. The total score of this 5 item subscale ranges from 0-25 where higher scores indicated greater avoidance.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: One missing answer
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at Baseline: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20) | 13.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.98 |
Secondary
Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at the End of Treatment: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20)
The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short version (PASS-20) measures pain-related fear, anxiety and avoidance and it contains four subscales: cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fearful thoughts and physiological anxiety. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. Only the Escape/avoidance subscale data were analysed to provide an measure of avoidance. The total score of this 5 item subscale ranges from 0-25 where higher scores indicated greater avoidance.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: One missing answer
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Pain-related Anxiety, Fear and Avoidance at the End of Treatment: Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-short Version (PASS-20) | 10.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.89 |
Secondary
Physical and Mental Function at 3-months Follow up: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12)
The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a generic health survey that assesses physical and mental function. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The two subscale scores have a maximum score of 100, where higher scores indicated better function.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: Five missing answers on the Physical and Mental function subscales
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Physical and Mental Function at 3-months Follow up: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Physical function | 36.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.81 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Physical and Mental Function at 3-months Follow up: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Mental function | 44.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.6 |
Secondary
Physical and Mental Function at Baseline: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12)
The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a generic health survey that assesses physical and mental function. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The two subscale scores have a maximum score of 100, where higher scores indicated better function.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: Two missing answers for the physical and mental function subscales
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Physical and Mental Function at Baseline: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Physical function | 33.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.82 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Physical and Mental Function at Baseline: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Mental function | 40.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.36 |
Secondary
Physical and Mental Function at the End of Treatment: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12)
The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) is a generic health survey that assesses physical and mental function. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The two subscale scores have a maximum score of 100, where higher scores indicated better function.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: Two missing answers on the Physical and Mental function subscales
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Physical and Mental Function at the End of Treatment: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Mental function | 45.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.48 |
| Activity Pacing Framework | Physical and Mental Function at the End of Treatment: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) | Physical function | 38.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.06 |
Secondary
Self-efficacy at 3-months Follow up: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) contains 10 items that assess a persons' confidence in their ability to do things despite their pain. This will be measured at 3-months follow up after the end of the 6-week's programme. The range of total scores is 0-60 where PSEQ≥40 indicate those patients who are more likely to continue implementing coping strategies and PSEQ≤16 are considered low.
Time frame: 3-months follow-up (after the end of the 6-week's programme)
Population: All 52 participants at 3-months follow-up (T3) provided an answer
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Self-efficacy at 3-months Follow up: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | 34.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.26 |
Secondary
Self-efficacy at Baseline: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) contains 10 items that assess a persons' confidence in their ability to do things despite their pain. This will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme). The range of total scores is 0-60 where PSEQ≥40 indicate those patients who are more likely to continue implementing coping strategies and PSEQ≤16 are considered low.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-treatment: up to one week before the programme)
Population: All 107 participants at T1 provided an answer
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Self-efficacy at Baseline: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | 25.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.93 |
Secondary
Self-efficacy at the End of Treatment: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) contains 10 items that assess a persons' confidence in their ability to do things despite their pain. This will be measured at the end of the 6-week's programme. The range of total scores is 0-60 where PSEQ≥40 indicate those patients who are more likely to continue implementing coping strategies and PSEQ≤16 are considered low.
Time frame: 6-weeks (end of the programme)
Population: All 65 participants at T2 provided an answer
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Pacing Framework | Self-efficacy at the End of Treatment: Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | 36.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.12 |