Genetic Predisposition, Ketamine Abuse, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Substance Use Disorders
Conditions
Brief summary
Evidence suggests that repeated or chronic ketamine use, as compared to acute ketamine users, posed a higher clinical risk of developing psychotic disorders, potentially related to the underlying chronic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction, and a higher risk of suffering from schizophrenia particularly in those genetically susceptible, or genetically predisposed ketamine abusers. With ketamine infusion rises as a emerging hope as an acute treatment for depression and suicidality under the shadow of unknown longer term psychotomimetic effects peculiarly amongst repeated or chronic use, the current case-control study aims to investigate: a) if repeated or chronic ketamine use is associated with an increased risk of psychosis by comparing those ketamine abusers with and without psychosis, and to those non-ketamine-using drug abusers with psychosis; and b) if genetic predisposition from single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with risk of psychosis in ketamine abusers.
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTgenome testing
blood sampling via venipuncture
Sponsors
The University of Hong Kong
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
OTHER
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
12 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age: 12 - 65 years old * Able to read and communicate in English and/or Chinese * Able to give informed consent * Self-reported to have psychoactive substance use continuously for ≥3 month * At least one positive urine toxicology result showing the reported psychoactive substance being used
Exclusion criteria
* Age \<12 years old * Unable to read English or Chinese * Unable to give informed consent * Had been diagnosed to have Intellectual Disabilities (DSM-5) or Mental Retardation (ICD-10, F70-73) * Had been diagnosed to have primary psychosis prior to the use of any psychoactive substances, including alcohol * Had been diagnosed to have bipolar and related disorder prior to the use of any psychoactive substances, including alcohol * Had been diagnosed to have major depressive disorder with psychotic features prior to the use of any psychoactive substances, including alcohol * Had been diagnosed to have psychotic disorder due to another medical condition (DMS-5) * Self-reported to have abstained from any psychoactive substance use continuously for ≥12 months AND with negative urine toxicology result at the time of recruitment/ intake at the psychiatric services as recorded on case notes
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| relative risk of ketamine users compared to non-ketamine using drug user to develop psychosis | During the 2 year study period | relative risk of ketamine users compared to non-ketamine using drug user to develop psychosis |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Gene association to development of psychcosis | During the 2 year study period | The single nucleotide polymorphism of 4 genes associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate and dopamine receptors being associated with the development of psychosis in ketamine abuser |
Countries
Hong Kong
Outcome results
None listed