Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Failure
Conditions
Keywords
heart failure, diabetes mellitus, empagliflozin, Randomised, placebo controlled trial
Brief summary
The investigators hypothesise that empagliflozin 10mg daily will have haemodynamic, cardiac, and renal benefits compared to placebo over 36 weeks in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes (or pre-diabetes), leading to measurable improvements in clinical measures of cardiac structure and function (LVESVI, and LV strain) as well as renal blood flow.
Detailed description
The results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial on CVD outcomes and heart failure hospitalisation suggests that empagliflozin works quickly to lessen CVD mortality and reduce heart failure hospitalisations in patients with diabetes and existing cardiovascular disease. The lack of effect on non-fatal MI and stroke would suggest limited impact on atherothrombotic mechanisms. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which empagliflozin is acting in more detail, in order that the drug can be more widely targeted at patient groups that might benefit most; particularly patients with heart failure and diabetes (or pre-diabetes) (as discussed in the rationale). The investigators have hypothesised, in a detailed published review, that the benefit derives from the specific effects of sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition on renal sodium and glucose handling, leading to both diuresis and improvements in diabetes-related maladaptive renal arteriolar responses. These haemodynamic and renal effects are likely to be beneficial in patients with clinical or subclinical cardiac dysfunction. The net result of these processes is an improvement in cardiac systolic and diastolic function and, thereby, a lower risk of heart failure hospitalisation (HFH) and sudden cardiac death. The investigators have therefore designed the present trial to perform a comprehensive clinical trial to interrogate in detail the effects of empagliflozin on specific pathways (inclusive of cardiac and renal effects) in patients with type 2 diabetes (or pre-diabetes) and heart failure.
Interventions
DRUGEmpagliflozin 10 MG
Empagliflozin 10mg tablets for oral self administration once a day
DRUGPlacebo Oral Tablet
placebo tablets for oral self administration once a day
Sponsors
University of Glasgow
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
placebo controlled trial
Intervention model description
Randomised, placebo controlled trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Written informed consent * Male or female, aged ≥18 years age * Type 2 DM (diet-controlled or on stable treatment) or prediabetes * Stable treatment defined as no change in oral therapy agents or doses for diabetes mellitus and (where applicable) \<10% change in average total daily insulin dose over last 6 weeks * HbA1c ≤97 mmol/mol (11%) (routine available data from medical records, recorded in the last year) * Prediabetes defined as HbA1c 39-47 mmol/mol (5.7-6.4%) at the time of screening (specifically for the prediabetes group, HbA1c will be repeated at the time of screening if there are no recent results within the last 3 months, in order to confirm the diagnosis of prediabetes) * Heart failure (as defined by the presence of typical signs and symptoms of heart failure with documented reduced ejection fraction (ref SIGN and ESC guidelines)) * NYHA class II-IV * LVEF ≤40% * On stable doses of ACEI, ARB or ARNI for 4 weeks prior to randomisation unless contraindicated or not tolerated. They should also be taking a beta-blocker at a stable dose for 4 weeks unless contraindicated or not tolerated * Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must be currently adhering to, or be willing to use, highly effective birth control methods for study treatment duration including: * Combined hormonal contraception (oestrogen and progestogen containing medication) either orally, intravaginally, or transdermally * Progesterone only hormonal contraception either orally, injected, or implanted * Intrauterine device (IUD) * Intrauterine hormone release system (IUS) * Bilateral fallopian tube occlusion * Vasectomised partner * Complete sexual abstinence where this is their preferred and usual lifestyle WOCBP comprises women who have experienced menarche and who have not undergone successful surgical sterilisation (hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy) or who are not post-menopausal. Post-menopausal is defined as: o Women who have had amenorrhea for ≥12 consecutive months (without another medical cause)
Exclusion criteria
* Type 1 DM * History of hospital admission with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * Insulin use within 1 year of diagnosis of diabetes * History of acute or chronic pancreatitis * eGFR \<30 ml/min/1.73m2 (derived using CKD EPI) * Persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation/flutter (conditions which significantly impede MRI image interpretability) * Acute coronary syndrome, stroke or surgery within 1 month (small type 2 MI in the context of acute HF does not apply) * BMI \>52 kg/m2 * Liver disease, defined by serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or alkaline phosphatase above 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN) during screening * Bariatric surgery within the past two years and other gastrointestinal surgeries that induce chronic malabsorption * Any condition outside the cardiovascular and renal disease area, such as but not limited to malignancy, with a life expectancy of less than 2 years based on investigator's clinical judgement * Active malignancy requiring treatment at the time of visit 1 (with the exception of successfully treated basal cell or treated squamous cell carcinoma, adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer and hormone therapy for prostate cancer) * Blood dyscrasias or any disorders causing haemolysis or unstable red blood cells (e.g. malaria, babesiosis, haemolytic anaemia) * Treatment with systemic steroids at time of informed consent or change in dosage of thyroid hormones within 6 weeks prior to informed consent * Any uncontrolled endocrine disorder except Type 2 DM * Alcohol or drug abuse within 3 months of informed consent that would interfere with trial participation or any ongoing condition leading to decreased compliance with study procedures or study drug intake * Known hypersensitivity to the empagliflozin or excipients * Known hypersensitivity to gadolinium * Inability to give informed consent * SGLT2 inhibitor use (current or previous) * Devices or any other contraindication to MRI scans * Currently pregnant, planning pregnancy, or currently breastfeeding * History of previous lower limb amputation * Current participation in another interventional medical study or within the last 90 days * Anyone who, in the investigators' opinion, is not suitable to participate in the trial for other reasons
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Index (LVESVI) | 36 weeks | Cardiac structure measured by left ventricular end-systolic volume index measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as mL/m2 |
| left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) | 36 weeks | Cardiac structure measured by left ventricular global longitudinal strain measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging GLS% |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Left atrial volume index (LAVI) | 36 weeks | Left atrial volume index (LAVI) measured by cardiac MR in ml/m2 |
| Extracellular volume fraction | 36 weeks | Extracellular volume fraction measured by Gadolinium enhanced Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measured as % |
| Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) Total Symptom Score (TSS) | 36 weeks | Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Total Symptom score (TSS) measured by mean overall difference and responder analysis (higher score = better outcome) |
| 6 minute walk distance (Exercise Capacity) | 36 weeks | Exercise capacity measured by six minute walk test measured in m |
| Pulmonary congestion | 36 weeks | Pulmonary congestion as B-lines measured using lung ultrasound |
| Biomarker profile -glycated haemaglobin (HbA1c) | 36 weeks | biomarker profile of HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
| Biomarker profile - creatine | 36 weeks | biomarker profile of creatine (umol/L) |
| Biomarker profile - estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | 36 weeks | biomarker profile of eGFR (ml/min/m2) |
| Biomarker profile - liver function tests (LFTs) | 36 weeks | biomarker profile of LFTs (U/L) |
| Biomarker profile - uric acid | 36 weeks | biomarker profile of uric acid (umol/L) |
| Intensification of diuretic therapy | 36 weeks | Intensification of diuretic therapy through addition and/or increase dose of diuretic medication |
| Left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) measured by Cardiac MR in ml/m2 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by Cardiac MR in percentage |
| Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) measured by cardiac MR in grams/m2 |
| Left ventricular global function index (LVGFI) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular global function index (LVGFI) measured by cardiac MR in percentage |
| Microvascular perfusion | 36 weeks | Microvascular perfusion measured by Gadolinium enhanced Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measured as ml/min/g |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Left ventricular global circumferential strain (GCS) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular global circumferential strain (GCS) measured in CMR featured-tracking and tagging in percentage |
| Left ventricular global radial strain (GRS) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular global radial strain (GRS)measured in CMR featured-tracking and tagging in percentage |
| total renal blood flow measured by magnetic resonance imaging | 36 weeks | total renal blood flow measure using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measured as ml/min/100g |
| Renal fibrosis | 36 weeks | Renal fibrosis measured by T1 mapping in MRI in miiliseconds |
| Bioelectrical impedance analysis | 36 weeks | Bioelectrical impedance analysis in percentage |
| Clinical composite outcome of death, hospitalisation with worsening heart failure, ED visit for worsening heart failure, outpatient worsening of heart failure accompanied by increase in HF therapy | 36 weeks | Clinical composite outcome of death, hospitalisation with worsening heart failure, ED visit for worsening heart failure, outpatient worsening of heart failure accompanied by increase in HF therapy |
| Clinical composite analysed using Win-ratio approach | 36 weeks | Clinical composite (analysed using Win-ratio approach) outcome of death, hospitalisation with worsening heart failure, ED visit for worsening heart failure, outpatient worsening of heart failure accompanied by increase in HF therapy, KCCQ-TSS \>5-point decrease, or no decrease, \>30% in NT-proBNP from baseline |
| Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) | 36 weeks | Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) measured by CMR tagging measured in percentage |
| Left ventricular diastolic function | 36 weeks | Left ventricular diastolic function measured by echocardiogram |
| DNA and epigenetics | 36 weeks | DNA and epigenetic analysis |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed