Intimate Partner Violence
Conditions
Keywords
Intimate Partner Violence, Gender-Based violence, Spouse Abuse, Rwanda, Heterosexual Couples, Activists, Opinion Leaders, Social Change, Social-Ecological Model, Diffusion of Innovation, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Community Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to test whether the Indashyikirwa (Agents of Change) program is effective at preventing intimate partner violence (IPV) in communities in Rwanda. Because IPV has many causes, including factors that operate at the individual, couple, and community levels, the Indashyikirwa program is designed with multiple elements targeting multiple levels. A training program for couples covers gender, power, and relationship skills. Individual graduates this program who are interested and eligible go on to an activist training program to help support sustained change in their communities. Parallel activities operate at the Sector level to create and support change at the community level. Sector level activities include (1) training in gender and IPV prevention for local opinion leaders. (2) Establishment of Women's Spaces, which are drop in centers that provide support and referrals for women experiencing IPV as well as a wide range of community outreach services to educate communities about, gender, power, women's rights, and violence prevention. Because the intervention is comprised of multiple components and includes elements designed to be delivered at the Sector level, Sectors were chosen as the unit of randomization. 28 sectors spread across 7 districts are participating; randomization as intervention or control was stratified across Districts to ensure adequate geographical spread of program delivery (Rwandan geographic administrative units are: Province \> District \> Sector \> Cell \> Village). Within each randomized sector are two separate assessments of program impact: (1) A Couple Cohort comprised of heterosexual couples who enrol together in the couples training program (some of whom continue into the activist training) compared to similarly situated couples in control communities who participate only in a standard, ongoing VSLA (village savings and loan association) program. Couples cohort members (both intervention and control) are surveyed at enrolment, 12 months post-baseline, and 24 months post-baseline. (2) A Community Survey designed to measure community diffusion of the intervention through the activities of the Women's Spaces, Opinion Leader Trainings, and activities of graduates of the activist training. The community survey comprises a repeat cross-sectional population-based household survey of married/cohabiting adults in intervention communities who are NOT direct participants in any of the formal trainings delivered by intervention implementation partners, conducted at baseline and 24 months only. This survey is designed to look at community level shifts in the occurrence of IPV, as well as changes in support for survivors and changes in attitudes among the general population.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALIndashyikirwa Couples Training
A training curriculum for heterosexual couples in Rwanda comprising 20 3-hour modules (60 hours total) delivered to groups of 15 couples (30 people). Each module facilitated by male and 1 female facilitator. Curriculum topics include: types and uses of personal and interpersonal power (power within, power over, power with, power to), gender, gender based violence, triggers for intimate partner violence, conflict management, economic development, sexuality, alcohol, social norms and community change. Delivered by RWAMREC.
BEHAVIORALIndashyikirwa Activist Training
This training is offered to a subset of individuals who complete the couples curriculum (randomly selected from among those who are are willing and eligible). These individuals are trained to serve as community activists, teach peers about the types of power (power within, power over, power with, power to), and advocate for community change to prevent intimate partner violence. Delivered by RWAMREC.
BEHAVIORALIndashyikirwa Opinion Leader Training
Training delivered to opinion leaders (political office holders, religious leaders, service providers), in intervention communities. Training comprised 8 x 3 hour sessions (24 hours) delivered for groups of up to 40 participants. Introduces Opinion Leaders to the concepts of power (power within, power over, power with, power to) and to essential concepts around women's legal rights. Delivered by Rwanda Women's Network.
OTHERIndashyikirwa Women's Spaces
Establishment of 1 Women's Space per intervention sector -- a physical space with trained facilitators on duty from which support and referrals for women experiencing IPV could be offered and ad hoc programming responsive to community needs and interest can be run. Typical activities include once-off open trainings for community members on the concepts of power (power within, power over, power with, power to), essential concepts around women's legal rights, conflict management in families, etc. Delivered by Rwanda Women's Network.
BEHAVIORALVillage Savings and Loan Association (VSLA)
A standard Village Savings and Loan Association program as run nationwide by CARE Rwanda.
Sponsors
Department for International Development, United Kingdom
CARE Rwanda
RWAMREC
Laterite
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Social Development Direct
Wellspring Advisors
Johns Hopkins University
Rwanda Women's Network
Medical Research Council, South Africa
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
This is a community randomised controlled trial, randomized at the level of sector (Rwandan geographic administrative units are: Province \> District \> Sector \> Cell \> Village). 28 sectors spread across 7 districts are participating; randomisation as intervention or control was stratified across districts to ensure adequate geographical spread of program delivery. Within each randomised sector are two separate assessments of impact: (1) A Couple Cohort comprised of heterosexual couples who enrol together in a couples training program or similarly situated couples in control communities, surveyed at enrolment, 12 months post-baseline, and 24 months post-baseline. (2) A Community Survey designed to measure community diffusion which comprises a repeat cross-sectional population-based household survey of married/cohabiting adults in intervention/control communities who are NOT direct participants in the couples cohort, surveyed at baseline and 24 months.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 49 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
For the Couples Cohort Study: 1. Member of an active village savings and loan association (VSLA) group or the partner of a VSLA member 2. Between 18 and 49 years old 3. Living with or married to current partner for at least 6 months at baseline 4. Willing and able to give informed consent for participation in research 5. Willing to give contact information of 3 friends, neighbours, or family members who can be used to contact participant over the next 2.5 years 6. Has no current plans to move out of the study area in the next 2.5 years For the Community Surveys: 1. Resident in the target community for at least 6 months prior to data collection 2. Between 18 and 49 years old 3. Living with or be married to current partner for at least 6 months 4. NOT enrolled in the couples cohort, opinion leader training, or serving as a women's space facilitator (i.e. not otherwise involved in the study) d. Willing and able to give informed consent for participation in research
Exclusion criteria
(both Couples Cohort and Community Survey): 1. Does not speak Kinyarwanda 2. Unable to provide meaningful informed consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Intimate partner violence with main partner (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of physical or sexual intimate partner violence as assessed by the WHO (World Health Organization) Violence Against Women questions as standardized for the What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Programme |
| Actions to support victims of gender-based violence or combat gender-based violence (Community Survey) | 24 months | Scores on a checklist of items assessing actions taken to support women who have experienced gender-based violence and/or combat gender-based violence in the community |
| Acceptability of wife beating (Community Survey) | 24 months | Number of justifications for wife beating endorsed on survey assessment, analyzed separately for male and female participants |
| Intimate partner violence with main partner (Community Survey) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of physical or sexual intimate partner violence as assessed by the WHO Violence Against Women questions as standardized for the What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Programme |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional aggression with main partner (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of emotional aggression in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Acceptability of wife beating (Couples cohort) | 24 months | Number of justifications for wife beating endorsed on survey assessment, analyzed separately for male and female participants |
| Advising neighbors on relationships (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Offering direct support or advice to neighbors regarding IPV or relationship conflict comparing participants who received both couples training and activist training, couples training only, and control participants |
| Level of conflict in intimate partnership (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Reported sources and frequencies of quarrels with main partner in the past 12 months |
| Quality of conflict management strategies (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Quality of conflict management strategies used in the past 12 months in main intimate partnership (reduced use of negative strategies and increased use of positive strategies) |
| Couple communication (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Frequency of discussing important relationship topics with main partner (her day, his day, her worries or feelings, his worries or feelings, the sexual relationship) in last 4 weeks |
| Perception of trust, care, and respect in relationship with main partner (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Self-reported experience of trust, care, and respect with main partner |
| Depressive symptoms (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Level of depressive symptoms in past week using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) short form |
| Children in household witnessing IPV (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Frequency of children witnessing mother being beaten in the past 12 months, per parental report |
| Problematic alcohol use (Couples Cohort, Men Only) | 24 months | Measured using AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) short form |
| Help seeking among survivors of IPV (Couples Cohort, Women Only) | 24 months | Help seeking in past 12 months among women in couples cohort who report experience of physical and/or sexual IPV in the past 12 months |
| Participating in action to prevent IPV (Participants in couples cohort who have received activist training, only) | 24 months | In past 12 months, participated in a meeting, march, rally or gathering aiming to raise awareness and mobilize people around the issue of family violence comparing participants who received both couples training and activist training, couples training only, and control participants |
| Self-efficacy for community engagement (Couples Cohort, Women only ) | 24 months | Confidence to speak at community meetings / to speak at community meetings if people disagree among comparing women who received both couples training and activist training, couples training only, and control participants |
| Sources of information on IPV and number of times heard (Community Survey) | 24 months | Frequency of encountering IPV prevention messages in the community |
| Help seeking among survivors of IPV (Community Survey, women only) | 24 months | Help seeking in past 12 months among women in community survey who report experience of physical and/or sexual IPV in the past 12 months |
| Newly occuring intimate partner violence with main partner (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of any physical and/or sexual in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment among participants who DID NOT report physical and/or sexual IPV at baseline |
| Recurrent physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of any physical and/or sexual in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment among participants who DID report physical and/or sexual IPV at baseline |
| Physical intimate partner violence, main partnership (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of any physical violence in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Forced or coerced sex with main partner (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of any forced or coerced sex in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Economic abuse with main partner (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of economic abuse in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Problematic alcohol use (Couples Cohort, Women only) | 24 months | Measured using AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) short form |
| PTSD symptoms(Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Self reports some symptoms indicative of PTSD |
| Physical intimate partner violence, main partnership (Community Survey) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of any physical violence in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Forced or coerced sex with main partner (Community Survey) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of any forced or coerced sex in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Economic abuse with main partner (Community Survey) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of economic abuse in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Emotional aggression with main partner (Community Survey) | 24 months | Experience (for women) or perpetration (for men) of emotional aggression in main intimate partnership during the 12 months before the assessment |
| Children in household witnessing IPV (Community Survey) | 24 months | Frequency of children witnessing mother being beaten in the past 12 months, per parental report |
| Support for women working outside the home (Community Survey) | 24 months | Endorses items supportive of women working outside the home |
| Change in strategies used to address IPV (Community Survey, women only) | 24 months | Changes in frequency of checklist of possible strategies for addressing IPV |
| Household earnings (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Reported household level earnings in past month |
| Food security (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Score on standard 2 item assessment of food security |
| Household debt payments (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Reported household debt payments in past month |
| Self-rated health (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Standard single item assessment |
| Support physical punishment of children (Couples Cohort) | 24 months | Endorses statements supporting corporal punishment |
Outcome results
None listed