Adapting an Evidence-based Intervention for Stigma-related Stress, Mental Health, and HIV Risk for MSM of Color in Small Urban Areas

Adapting an Evidence-based Intervention for Stigma-related Stress, Mental Health, and HIV Risk for MSM of Color in Small Urban Areas (ESTEEM-conneCT)

Status

Completed

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT03464422

Acronym

ESTEEM-conneCT

Enrollment

Registered

2018-03-14

Start date

2018-09-09

Completion date

2019-08-01

Last updated

2021-08-04

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

HIV in MSM

Keywords

HIV, MSM

Brief summary

The purpose of this study is adapt an evidence-based intervention for stigma-related stress, mental health, and HIV risk for bay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) of color in small urban areas.

Detailed description

This study has two specific aims. Aim 1 will focus on the modification of an existing intervention manual (created by the study PI) using feedback from previous qualitative interviews with MSM in New Haven and Hartford, CT. Also incorporated will be recent qualitative research on MSM of color's resilience. Specifically, the ways in which racial minority stigma impacts the mental health of MSM in small urban areas and adaptive coping skills that MSM can use in the face of these health threats. Aim 2, will consist of the deliver of the adapted intervention to approximately 30 young MSM (15 HIV-negative and 15 HIV-positive) to gather data on the feasibility and acceptability of the newly adapted program. The evaluation of the new program will be conducted using pre-post comparisons of quantitative assessments and from qualitative interviews hoped to provide information regarding intervention feasibility, acceptability, and any needed refinement. This project integrates expertise in culturally-sensitive evidence-based interventions for MSM's HIV risk into a community-based HIV prevention and care context at the Fair Haven Community Health Center, where the intervention will be delivered to the existing patient population. As of April, 2019, the study protocol was updated and approved by the Yale IRB such that the two intervention cohorts did not differ by HIV serostatus. This decision was made: (1) because of the greater number of HIV-negative men, compared to HIV-positive men, who expressed interest in the study and (2) because participants could decide whether or not to disclose their serostatus in the group, as they do in other real-life interactions with other MSM, as reviewed during the consent process. Thus, there was no group assignment based on HIV serostatus.

Interventions

BEHAVIORALESTEEM conneCT

The intervention adapts the ESTEEM (Pachankis et al, 2015) intervention to address the multiple-stigma stressors faced by MSM of color, including sexual orientation and racial stigma in a manualized, CBT-based intervention. Approximately thirty participants (divided between two cohorts) will complete ten group sessions will take place at regular times once per week over the course of three months. The groups will be closed, in that no new members will be allowed to join after the first week in order to promote open self-disclosure and trust among group members.

Study design

Allocation

Intervention model

SINGLE_GROUP

Primary purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

NONE

Intervention model description

Adaptation of the Effective Skills to Empower Effect Men (ESTEEM; Pachankis, 2014; Pachankis et al, 2015) intervention that addresses young gay and bisexual men's occurring maladaptive behavioral patterns, including HIV-transmission risk behavior and mental health concerns, to address multiple stigma-related stressors for young gay and bisexual men of color in a group therapy format. All participants were part of the same intervention (no randomization) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of this adapted intervention (protocol update 4.24.2019; please see attached protocol). Two cohorts were formed to retain ideal group size for group therapy (10-15 participants per group).

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to 35 Years

Healthy volunteers

Yes

Inclusion criteria

Participants must: * Report anticipated 6-month residential stability in New Haven county * Self-identify as a gay or bisexual man or report being a man who has had past-12-month sex with a man * Self-identify as an ethnic or racial minority, including Black, African American, Caribbean American, Hispanic, and Latinx * Speak fluent English

Exclusion criteria

* Participants not meeting the inclusion criteria will not be eligible to participate.

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
HIV Transmission Risk	90 days	Risk of HIV transmission was assessed through the Past-90-day Timeline Follow-back interview (TLFB; Sobell & Sobell, 1992). HIV risk behavior was calculated as the number of past-90-day sex acts in which key harm-reduction strategies were not employed (e.g., condom, PrEP, viral load suppression) and calculated by dividing the total number of sex acts at risk for HIV transmission by the total number of sex acts. Sex acts range from 0 to (theoretically) infinite.
Depression	3 months	To measure depression in participants, the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D) will be used. An overall depression score is computed as the sum of the 20 items, with Items 3, 11, 14, and 16 reversed. In cases with internally missing data (items not answered), the sums were computed after imputation of the missing values: # items on scale / # actually answered, multiplied by the sum obtained from the answered items. A higher score indicates more depressive symptomatology during the past week. Range is 0 - 60.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale	3 months	OASIS (Norman et al., 2006) is a 5-item scale that asks individuals to rate the severity and impairment associated with past-week anxiety symptoms (e.g., In the past week, when you have felt anxious, how intense or severe was your anxiety?) from 0 (little or none: Anxiety was absent or barely noticeable.) to 4 (extreme: Anxiety was overwhelming. It was impossible to relax at all. Physical symptoms were unbearable). Scores range from 0-20, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety and associated impairment in the past week.
Brief Symptom Inventory	3 months	(BSI; Derogatis & Melisarators, 1983; Meijer et al., 2011). The Global Severity Index of the 18-item BSI provides a mean score across depression, anxiety, and somatization subscales, and assesses psychological distress (e.g., feeling nervousness or shakiness inside) on a 5-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) in the past 7 days. Scores range from 0-72, with higher scores indicating worse outcomes (greater symptoms severity).
Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale	3 months	SIDAS (van Spijker et al., 2014) is a 5-item scale that assesses past-month frequency and controllability of suicidal thoughts, how close one has come to making an attempt, and distress and impairment associated with thoughts of suicide (e.g., In the past month, how often have you had thoughts about suicide?). Responses range from 0 (never or not at all) to 10 (always or extremely) on each item, with item 2 reverse scored. Scale scores range from 0-50, with higher scores indicating more (worse) suicidal ideation
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test	3 months	The AUDIT (Saunders et al.,1993) assesses past-3-month alcohol and related problems across 10 items (e.g., How often did you have a drink containing alcohol?) with varying numeric response options. A score of 8 or greater serves as a clinical cut-off indicating hazardous drinking. Scores range from 0-40 with higher scores indicating more hazardous drinking (worse outcome)
Sexual Compulsivity Scale	3 months	The SCS (Kalichman & Rompa, 2011) assesses respondents' compulsivity around sex. Example items include My desires to have sex have disrupted my daily life and My sexual thoughts and behaviors are causing problems in my life, with response options ranging from 1 (Not at all like me) to 4 (Very much like me). Scores range from 1 - 40 with higher scores indicating greater sexual compulsivity (worse outcome)
Gay-Related Rejection Sensitivity Scale	3 months	The GRRS (Pachankis, Goldfried & Ramrattan, 2008) asks respondents to rate 14 vignettes in terms of how concerned or anxious each would make them about being rejected because of their sexual orientation, and their likelihood of attributing the rejection to their sexual orientation. For example, one item states, You've been dating someone for a few years now and you receive a wedding invitation to a straight friend's wedding. The invite was addressed only to you, not you and a guest. Responses to the anxiety and likelihood stems range from 1 (very unconcerned/very unlikely) to 6 (very concerned/very likely). Total score is the sum of the products of anxiety and likelihood scores of all items and ranges from 0-504 with higher scores indicating greater rejection sensitivity (worse outcome).
Self-concealment Scale	3 months	The SCS (Larson & Chastain, 1990; Schrimshaw, Siegel, Downing & Parsons, 2013) assesses the respondents' concealment of their sexual orientation. Example items include, I haven't shared with anyone that I have sex with men and When I have sex with men, I keep it to myself. Response options range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scale scores range from 7-35 with higher scores indicating greater concealment of one's sexual orientation.
Internalized Homophobia Scale	3 months	The IHS assesses internalized stigma related to respondents' sexual orientation, asking them to rate thoughts and feelings related to their LGBTQ identity (e.g., You have wished you weren't gay, bisexual, or queer). Responses range from 1 (never) to 4 (often). Scale scores range from 9 - 36 with higher scores indicating greater internalized stigma (worse outcome).
Condom-use Self-Efficacy Questionnaire	3 months	The SSSEQ assesses respondents' confidence in condom use during sex in different scenarios. Example items include, How confident are you that you could avoid having anal sex without a condom when you are with someone who is really hot? and How confident are you that you could avoid having anal sex without a condom when you are drink or high on drugs?. Response options range from 1 (Not at all confident) to 5 (extremely confident). Scores range from 1 - 65 with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy around practicing safe sex (better outcome)
Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale	3 months	ODSIS (Bentley et al., 2014) is a 5-item scale that asks individuals to rate the severity and impairment associated with past-week symptoms of depression (e.g., In the past week, when you have felt depressed, how intense or severe was your depression?) from 0 (little or none: Depression was absent or barely noticeable.) to 4 (extreme: Depression was overwhelming.). Scores range from 0-20, with higher scores indicating greater depression and associated impairment in the past week.

Other

Measure	Time frame	Description
PrEP Use	3 months	Participants indicated whether they had been adherent to PrEP in the past three months.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Recruitment details

Participants were recruited for the study between September 2018 and February 2019 through local community organizations (e.g., flyers poster at community health clinics, LGBTQ community organizations, university LGBTQ centers) and online (i.e., advertisements posted to Grindr and LGNTQ Facebook groups). Potential participants received a link to a secure online eligibility survey.

Pre-assignment details

Participants (n = 468) completed an online screener and were contacted for a phone screening (n = 139). Participants who met study inclusion criteria and consented to participate were invited to complete the baseline assessment prior to group assignment (n = 21).

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
ESTEEM ConneCT ESTEEM ConneCT group therapy intervention	21
Total	21

Withdrawals & dropouts

Period	Reason	FG000
Overall Study	Lost to Follow-up	2
Overall Study	Withdrawal by Subject	2

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	ESTEEM ConneCT
Age, Continuous	27.00 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8
Education level 4-year college degree (BA, BS, BFA)	6 Participants
Education level Currently enrolled in college	2 Participants
Education level Currently enrolled in graduate school	3 Participants
Education level Graduate degree	2 Participants
Education level High school diploma or GED	2 Participants
Education level Some college or Associates degree	5 Participants
Education level Some high school	1 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	17 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	4 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants
HIV Status Negative	19 Participants
HIV Status Positive	2 Participants
Income $10,000 - $19,999	2 Participants
Income $20,000 - $29,999	2 Participants
Income $30,000 - $39,999	3 Participants
Income $40,000 - $49,999	3 Participants
Income $50,000 - $74,999	1 Participants
Income Less than $10,000	10 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black (Hispanic)	5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black (Non-Hispanic)	4 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Latino/Latinx (Hispanic)	7 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized White (Hispanic)	5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	12 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	1 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	20 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Cisgender Man	20 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Transgender Man	1 Participants
Sexual Orientation Bisexual	3 Participants
Sexual Orientation Gay	16 Participants
Sexual Orientation Queer	2 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	0 / 21
other Total, other adverse events	0 / 21
serious Total, serious adverse events	0 / 21

Outcome results

Primary

Depression

To measure depression in participants, the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D) will be used. An overall depression score is computed as the sum of the 20 items, with Items 3, 11, 14, and 16 reversed. In cases with internally missing data (items not answered), the sums were computed after imputation of the missing values: # items on scale / # actually answered, multiplied by the sum obtained from the answered items. A higher score indicates more depressive symptomatology during the past week. Range is 0 - 60.

Time frame: 3 months