Coronary Artery Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Coronary artery disease; HDL; anabolic steroids
Brief summary
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The illicit use of these substances also leads to a remarkable decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) plasma concentration, which could be a key factor in the atherosclerotic process. The investigators tested the functionality of HDL by cholesterol efflux and antioxidant capacity and its association with CAD in young men.
Detailed description
Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU) age 29±5 yr, 20 age-matched strength-trained AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 10 sedentary controls (SC) were enrolled. HDL concentration and functionality by measuring the 14C-cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL and the ability of HDL in inhibiting LDL oxidation were evaluated. Coronary artery was evaluated with coronary computed tomography angiography.
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTCoronary Computed Tomography Angiography
To assess coronary artery plaque and calcification, all participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography according to the guidelines of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT). All CT scans were acquired in a 320-row detector scanner (AquillionOneTM - Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan) with 0.5-mm thick slices. Acquisition protocol included coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS) and coronary CTA. CACS protocol utilized a 370-ms tube rotation, 120-kV tube voltage, 300-mA tube current, and 320x0.5-mm collimation with 3-mm slice thickness reconstructed images, one heart beat acquisition during diastole.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTMacrophage cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL
Macrophages were incubated with DMEM (Low Glucose, Gibco, Grand Island, New York, USA) containing 1 mg fatty acid free albumin (FAFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) plus 50 μg acetylated LDL/mL and 0.3 μCi 14C-cholesterol/mL (Amersham Biosciences, UK) for 48h. After washing with PBS/FAFA, cells were incubated in the presence or absence of HDL (50 µg/mL) for 8h. The amount of radioactivity present in the medium at the end of the HDL incubation period will indicate albumin-mediated cholesterol efflux with albumin alone and total efflux with albumin + HDL. Thus, specific HDL-mediated efflux will be calculated, subtracting the albumin-mediated efflux from total efflux
Sponsors
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
University of Sao Paulo General Hospital
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Anabolic androgenic steroids users and Anabolic androgenic steroids nonusers groups had been involved in strength training for at least 2 years; * Anabolic androgenic steroids users should be self-administering anabolic androgenic steroids in periodic cycles lasting from 8 to 12 weeks for at least 2 years with 2-4 cycles per year; * All anabolic androgenic steroids users were on a cycle over the course of the study; * Sedentary control group: sedentary men without cardiovascular disease.
Exclusion criteria
* Smoking; * Alcohol consumption; * Use of diuretics and/or antihypertensive medications; * Liver and kidney disease
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Concentration and the functionality of HDL | 1 day | Blood sample was collected in the morning (between 8:00-10:00 a.m.) after 12 hours fasting and after 30 minutes of resting for HDL concentration assessment. Determination of 14C-cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL utilized macrophages cultured cells from mice was used to test the functionality of HDL. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of CAD in young men anabolic steroids users | 1 day | Coronary computed tomography angiography was used to evaluate coronary artery plaque and calcification. |
Outcome results
None listed