Repeated Sweet Food Consumption
Conditions
Keywords
sweet taste, food preferences, food intake
Brief summary
This study will assess the impact of repeated sweet breakfast consumption versus repeated non-sweet breakfast consumption on subsequent sweet and non-sweet food preferences and intakes
Detailed description
Participants will be randomized to receive either sweet or non-sweet breakfasts for three consecutive weeks, and impacts on food preferences and intakes will be assessed at baseline (day 0), after 1 week (day 7), and after three weeks (day 21). Preferences for sweet and non-sweet foods will be assessed during two taste tests at each assessment time, where six different foods will be rated. Sweet and non-sweet food consumption will also be measured at two meals at each assessment time - breakfast and lunch. Identical buffet meals composed of sweet and non-sweet foods suitable for consumption at breakfast and lunch will be provided ad-libitum. Intervention breakfasts will only be consumed on the days between test days.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALSweet food consumption
Sweet food consumption at breakfast
BEHAVIORALNon-sweet food consumption
Non-sweet food consumption at breakfast
Sponsors
University of Bristol
Bournemouth University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Intervention allocation will be undertaken by a researcher not directly involved with participants following randomization by drawing lots.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* No known food allergy * No known taste or appetite abnormalities * Non-smoker * Habitually eats breakfast * Able to provide consent and complete all study measures
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Food Preferences | 3 weeks from baseline | Ratings of three sweet and three non-sweet foods during a taste test at breakfast. Ratings measured using 100mm VAS scales for different hedonic factors - pleasure, sweetness, desire to eat). Scores range from 0-100 where 0=least and 100=greatest for each hedonic factor. Assessments made on Day 0, 7 and 21, Day 21 reported. |
| Food Intake | 3 weeks from baseline | Amount of sweet and non-sweet foods consumed during breakfast on test days (days 0, 7 and 21, day 21 reported) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hunger Ratings | 3 weeks from baseline | Ratings of subjective perceptions (two meals). Ratings measured using 100mm VAS scales for different subjective factors - hunger, thirst, fullness. Scores range from 0-100 where 0=least and 100=greatest for each subjective factor. Assessments made on Day 0, 7 and 21, Day 21 reported. |
| Food Preferences at Lunch | 3 weeks from baseline | Ratings of three sweet and three non-sweet foods during a taste test at lunch. Measures are the same as those used at breakfast. Ratings measured using 100mm VAS scales for different hedonic factors - pleasure, sweetness, desire to eat). Scores range from 0-100 where 0=least and 100=greatest for each hedonic factor. Assessments made on Day 0, 7 and 21, Day 21 reported. |
| Food Intake at Lunch | 3 weeks from baseline | Amount of sweet and non-sweet foods consumed during lunch on test days (days 0, 7 and 21, day 21 reported). |
Countries
United Kingdom
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Sweet Food Consumption Sweet breakfasts. Participants are asked to consume a sweet breakfast every day. All foods will be provided.
Sweet food consumption: Sweet food consumption at breakfast | 27 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption Non-sweet breakfasts. Participants are asked to consume a non-sweet breakfast every day. All foods will be provided.
Non-sweet food consumption: Non-sweet food consumption at breakfast | 27 |
| Total | 54 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Illness unrelated to study | 1 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Scheduling clash | 3 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Sweet Food Consumption | Non-sweet Food Consumption | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 24.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 | 23.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4 | 23.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8 |
| BMI | 24.0 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 | 23.2 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2 | 23.6 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.5 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United Kingdom | 27 participants | 27 participants | 54 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 18 Participants | 18 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 9 Participants | 9 Participants | 18 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 27 | 0 / 27 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 27 | 0 / 27 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 27 | 0 / 27 |
Outcome results
Primary
Food Intake
Amount of sweet and non-sweet foods consumed during breakfast on test days (days 0, 7 and 21, day 21 reported)
Time frame: 3 weeks from baseline
Population: Intention-to-Treat
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake | Percent weight consumed from sweet foods | 28.5 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Error 3 |
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake | Percent energy consumed from sweet foods | 37 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Error 4 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake | Percent weight consumed from sweet foods | 36 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Error 4 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake | Percent energy consumed from sweet foods | 39 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Error 4 |
Primary
Food Preferences
Ratings of three sweet and three non-sweet foods during a taste test at breakfast. Ratings measured using 100mm VAS scales for different hedonic factors - pleasure, sweetness, desire to eat). Scores range from 0-100 where 0=least and 100=greatest for each hedonic factor. Assessments made on Day 0, 7 and 21, Day 21 reported.
Time frame: 3 weeks from baseline
Population: Intention-to-Treat
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences | Sweet foods | 73 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.1 |
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences | Non-sweet foods | 54 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.6 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences | Sweet foods | 68 units on a scale | Standard Error 4 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences | Non-sweet foods | 50 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.8 |
Secondary
Food Intake at Lunch
Amount of sweet and non-sweet foods consumed during lunch on test days (days 0, 7 and 21, day 21 reported).
Time frame: 3 weeks from baseline
Population: Intention-to-Treat
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake at Lunch | Percent weight consumed from sweet foods | 27 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Deviation 17 |
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake at Lunch | Percent energy consumed from sweet foods | 33 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Deviation 17 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake at Lunch | Percent weight consumed from sweet foods | 32 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Deviation 19 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Intake at Lunch | Percent energy consumed from sweet foods | 37 percentage of total food consumed | Standard Deviation 22 |
Secondary
Food Preferences at Lunch
Ratings of three sweet and three non-sweet foods during a taste test at lunch. Measures are the same as those used at breakfast. Ratings measured using 100mm VAS scales for different hedonic factors - pleasure, sweetness, desire to eat). Scores range from 0-100 where 0=least and 100=greatest for each hedonic factor. Assessments made on Day 0, 7 and 21, Day 21 reported.
Time frame: 3 weeks from baseline
Population: Intention-to-Treat
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences at Lunch | Sweet foods | 70 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 15 |
| Sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences at Lunch | Non-sweet foods | 54 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 21 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences at Lunch | Sweet foods | 67 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 21 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Food Preferences at Lunch | Non-sweet foods | 52 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 18 |
Secondary
Hunger Ratings
Ratings of subjective perceptions (two meals). Ratings measured using 100mm VAS scales for different subjective factors - hunger, thirst, fullness. Scores range from 0-100 where 0=least and 100=greatest for each subjective factor. Assessments made on Day 0, 7 and 21, Day 21 reported.
Time frame: 3 weeks from baseline
Population: Intention-to-Treat
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet Food Consumption | Hunger Ratings | Hunger | 72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 19 |
| Sweet Food Consumption | Hunger Ratings | Fullness | 15 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11 |
| Sweet Food Consumption | Hunger Ratings | Thirst | 65 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 30 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Hunger Ratings | Hunger | 68 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 24 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Hunger Ratings | Fullness | 20 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 30 |
| Non-sweet Food Consumption | Hunger Ratings | Thirst | 67 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 27 |