Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Pediatrics, Lipids, Liver Diseases, Obesity
Brief summary
This is a multicenter, prospective, open-label, Phase 2, proof of concept study to test preliminary efficacy and safety of gemcabene in children with established nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incompletely treated by lifestyle changes. The hypothesis of the study is that 300 mg of gemcabene once a day for 12 weeks will reduce alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia and down regulate de novo lipogenesis in children with NAFLD.
Detailed description
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has quickly become the most common liver disease in children in the US and is rising worldwide. While the true prevalence and incidence are not known, estimates have placed prevalence in the US as high as 7 million children. The prevalence varies greatly across race and ethnic groups with Hispanic, Asian and White children having increased rates compared to African American children. Lifestyle changes are the first line treatment, but many children fail to respond to these. Pharmaceutical treatments are needed for children that cure NAFLD and ideally also benefit the systemic features (dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity, BMI). Gemcabene calcium (Gemcabene) is a promising therapeutic that may benefit pediatric NAFLD and early phase trials are needed to support further development for this indication. It has several mechanisms of action including enhancing the clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and blocking the production of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. Gemcabene was previously tested in adults for treatment of dyslipidemia and has extensive safety data. In this study, 40 children ages 12-17 years with histologically confirmed NAFLD or MRI based diagnosis and elevated ALT will receive 300 mg of gemcabene per day for 12 weeks. Study visits will occur at screening, baseline, week 2, week 6 and week 12. A follow up phone call will occur one month after the child stops taking the study medication.
Interventions
DRUGGemcabene
Participants will take 300 milligrams (mg) of gemcabene, once per day for 12 weeks.
Sponsors
Gemphire Therapeutics
Emory University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
12 Years to 17 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form 2. Provision of signed and dated assent, if indicated 3. Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study 4. Children aged 12-17 years at the time of informed consent 5. History of clinical diagnosis of NAFLD including a, b and c below: 1. Medical history eliminating, other chronic liver diseases (for example mitochondrial diseases, hepatotoxic drugs, anorexia nervosa) 2. Laboratory studies: negative testing for hepatitis C and normal ceruloplasmin 3. Either liver biopsy confirming NAFLD or MRI \> 10% steatosis within the past three years 6. ALT ≥ 54 U/L for boys or ≥ 46 U/L for girls and ≤ 250 U/L at screening visit and within past three months (prior to screening). If ALT at screening is more than two times the historic value (or a historic value is not available), the subject will be asked to repeat the ALT after four weeks. If the repeat ALT is more than 50% increased or decreased over the screening ALT a third ALT may be obtained. If a third ALT is not within 50% of the previous value then the subject is ineligible, but may be rescreened at a later date. 7. Body weight ≥ 60 kg at the time of screening 8. Able to take oral medication and be willing to adhere to the study drug regimen 9. Minimum of three months of attempted lifestyle modification to treat the NAFLD and agreement to adhere to Lifestyle Considerations (dietary improvement and physical activity) throughout study duration
Exclusion criteria
1. Heart disease (e.g., myocardial infarction, heart failure, unstable arrhythmias) 2. Seizure disorder 3. Active coagulopathy (international normalized ratio (INR) \> 1.4) 4. Renal dysfunction with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<60ml/min/1.73 calculated using Schwartz Bedside GFR calculator for children 5. History of active malignant disease requiring chemotherapy or radiation 6. History of significant alcohol intake (AUDIT questionnaire) or inability to quantify alcohol consumption 7. Use of new medications or supplements with the intent to treat NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) during the 30 days prior to screening, including statin therapy. Medications or supplements (including metformin and vitamin E) that they have been on and are on a stable dose are acceptable 8. History of bariatric surgery or planning to undergo bariatric surgery during study duration 9. Clinically significant depression 10. Any girl nursing, planning a pregnancy, known or suspected to be pregnant, or who has a positive pregnancy screen 11. Non-compensated liver disease defined as cirrhosis and any one of the following hematologic, biochemical, and serological criteria on entry into protocol: * Hemoglobin \< 10 g/dL; * White blood cell (WBC) \< 3,500 cells/mm3; * Neutrophil count \< 1,500 cells/mm3; * Platelets \< 150,000 cells/mm3; * Total bilirubin \> 1.3 mg/dL unless due to Gilbert's syndrome (subjects with a history of Gilbert's syndrome may be included if both direct bilirubin and the reticulocyte count do no exceed the upper limit of normal (ULN) \[reflexive direct bilirubin testing will be used to confirm Gilbert's syndrome\]) * Albumin \< 3.2 g/dL * INR \> 1.3 * Abnormal alkaline phosphatase * Any history of ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 12. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) \> 8%) or requiring insulin 13. Patients with type I diabetes mellitus 14. Chronic liver disease other than NAFLD 15. Patients on Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors such as itraconazole or macrolide antibiotics are excluded 16. Patients who are on thiazolidinediones, fibrates or fish oils are excluded 17. Patients who are on daily prescription medications are excluded except for allergy medications, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medications, asthma medications, or any other acceptable medication in the opinion of the investigator 18. Abnormal creatinine kinase levels at screening (may be repeated if the elevation is thought to be exercise related) 19. Sexually active female participants of childbearing potential and Tanner stage ≥ 4 or menstruating unwilling to utilize two acceptable forms of contraception from screening through completion of the study or unwilling to complete pregnancy tests throughout the study 20. Currently enrolled in a clinical trial or who received an investigational study drug within 90 days of screening 21. Participants who are not able or willing to comply with the protocol or have any other condition that would impede compliance or hinder completion of the study, in the opinion of the investigator
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | Baseline, Week 12 | Percent change in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline to 12 weeks was examined. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for ALT varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 9-23 units/Liter (U/L) for boys and girls aged 1-18. Children with a sustained ALT ≥ 80 U/L are twice as likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of NAFLD characterized by inflammation and liver cell damage. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute Change in ALT | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Absolute change in ALT among study participants is reported here. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for ALT varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 9-23 U/L for boys and girls aged 1-18. Children with a sustained ALT ≥ 80 U/L are twice as likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of NAFLD characterized by inflammation and liver cell damage. |
| Percent Change in ALT Between Study Visits | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Percent change in ALT from baseline to week 6 and the mean of week 6 and week 12 was examined. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for ALT varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 9-23 U/L for boys and girls aged 1-18. Children with a sustained ALT ≥ 80 U/L are twice as likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of NAFLD characterized by inflammation and liver cell damage. |
| Absolute Change in Hepatic Steatosis | Baseline, Week 12 | Hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation in the liver) was measured by MRI using liver fat fraction (HepaFat-Scan by Resonance Health). NAFLD is characterized by an accumulation of fat in the liver. Having a fat percentage greater than 5% of the weight of the liver is a typical cut point to indicate NAFLD. The HepaFat-Scan software is a non-invasive method of measuring the volumetric liver fat fraction and is validated in children. |
| Absolute Change in Pancreatic Fat | Baseline, Week 12 | Pancreatic fat was measured by MRI (HepaFat). Increased pancreatic fat is associated with more severe liver disease in children with NAFLD. |
| Absolute Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | AST is a common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for AST varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 13-32 U/L for boys and 12-24 units/Liter for girls aged 7-18. Elevated AST levels indicate increased liver disease. |
| Change in Fasting Insulin | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Insulin sensitivity was determined by assessment of fasting insulin. Fasting insulin increases with insulin resistance and tends to occur with NAFLD. |
| Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | The HOMA-IR score is calculated as fasting blood glucose level (nmol/L) multiplied by fasting insulin level (microU/L), divided by 22.5. Higher scores indicate increasing insulin resistance, although pediatric cut-points for HOMA-IR scores vary by gender and age. |
| Absolute Change in Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a biomarker for NAFLD. Normal GGT values vary by age and the specific assay used. The normal range for males and females aged 11-18 is approximately 5-15 U/L. Increased GGT is associated with more severe NAFLD. |
| Absolute Change in Total Cholesterol | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total cholesterol. Cholesterol is waxy substance which is produced by the liver or comes from food consumed. Cholesterol concentrations are commonly used as a marker for cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood Total cholesterol levels below 170 mg/100 milliliters (mL) of blood are in the normal range while levels at 200 and above are considered high. |
| Absolute Change in Non-high-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total non-HDL-C. A measurement of non-HDL-C is obtained by subtracting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level from total cholesterol. Non-HDL-C can predict atherosclerosis with as much accuracy as other lipoproteins can. Non-HDL-C values of 129 mg/dL or greater are considered high. |
| Absolute Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total HDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol because it is a type of fat that removes cholesterol from blood, thereby preventing build up. A healthy value for HDL cholesterol is 35 mg/dL and higher. Values under 35 mg/dL mean the child has a higher risk of developing heart disease. |
| Absolute Change in Very-low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total VLDL cholesterol. VLDL cholesterol is produced in the liver and high levels are associated with increased plaque buildup in arteries. Values of VLDL-C that are 29 mg/dL or greater are considered high. |
| Absolute Change in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including LDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol levels below 110 mg/100 mL of blood are in the normal range while levels at 130 and above are considered high. |
| Absolute Change in Triglycerides (TG) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including triglycerides. Triglycerides are made by the body and come from food consumed. High triglyceride levels increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Triglyceride levels below 150 mg/dL are considered acceptable while levels greater than 200 mg/dL are considered high. |
| Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoA-1 is a component of HDL (good cholesterol) which transports cholesterol and phospholipids through the body to the liver. Among children aged 2 to 17 years, an ApoA-1 level of less than 115 mg/dL is considered low and levels greater than 120 mg/dL are considered acceptable. |
| Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoB is a component of VLDL, intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), LDL, and chylomicrons. Among children aged 2 to 17 years, an ApoB level of less than 90 mg/dL is considered acceptable and levels of 100 mg/dL and greater are considered high. |
| Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoC-II is a component of VLDL and chylomicrons. Normal values are between 3-5 mg/dL and abnormal values may be caused by a lipoprotein lipase deficiency resulting in fats not being broken down normally. Abnormal ApoC-II measurements may explain elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. |
| Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoE is a component of IDL and chylomicrons and carry cholesterol to the brain. Normal values of ApoE are between 3-7 mg/dL. Elevated ApoE may be associated with increased risk of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. |
| Change in Fasting Glucose | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Insulin sensitivity was determined by assessment of fasting glucose. The normal range for fasting glucose in children is 70-99 mg/dL. Diabetes mellitus is indicated with fasting glucose levels of 126 or greater. |
| Absolute Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) is a measurement assessing inflammation. Increased levels of hsCRP are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular events such as stroke or heart attack. Values of hsCRP that are less than 1.0 mg/L are considered low risk, 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L indicates average risk, and values greater than 3.0 mg/L are considered high risk. |
| Change in Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1B) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Interleukin 1 beta is a cytokine protein involved in inflammatory response. A normal value for IL-1B is less than 3.9 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). Increased IL-1B levels have been found to be associated with congestive heart failure. |
| Change in Interleukin 6 (IL-6) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Interleukin 6 is a cytokine protein involved in the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response and stimulates an inflammatory response in many diseases, including atherosclerosis. Higher levels are generally interpreted as worsening of a disease condition. |
| Change in Procollagen III | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Procollagen III peptide levels can be used to assess the degree of collagen turnover and liver fibrosis. Increases in serum concentrations of procollagen III indicate a worsening disease state. |
| Change in Particle Size of VLDL | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Lipoprotein particle size will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). VLDL size ranges from 30-90 nanometers (nm) and is impacted by eating a meal high in fat. A linear relationship has been seen between VLDL particle size and NAFLD degree of severity. |
| Change in Particle Size of HDL | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Lipoprotein particle size will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). HDL size ranges from 7-13 nanometers (nm). Different sizes of HDL perform different functions in the body and this study will examine how HDL particle size is altered over time by the study treatment. |
| Change in Particle Size of LDL | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Lipoprotein particle size will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). LDL size ranges from 21-27 nanometers (nm) and is impacted by metabolic factors. This study will examine how LDL particle size is altered over time by the study treatment. |
| Change in Particle Size of Chylomicrons | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | The size of chylomicrons in blood will be assessed throughout the study period. Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles comprised of primarily of triglycerides and also contain phospholipids, and proteins. The size of chylomicrons varies and typically range from 75 to 600 nanometers (nm) in diameter. Chylomicrons are larger immediately following a meal. |
| Change in Rate of de Novo Lipogenesis (DNL) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Rate of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) will be measured using stable isotope tracers. DNL is a biochemical process occurring in the liver where fatty acids are synthesized into carbohydrates. This study will examine how the rate of DNL is altered over time by the study treatment. |
| Absolute Change in Abdominal Visceral Fat | Baseline, Week 12 | Abdominal visceral fat was measured with the AMRA Medical body composition profile calculated from MRI images. |
| Absolute Change in Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat | Baseline, Week 12 | Abdominal subcutaneous fat was measured with the AMRA Body composition profile calculated from MRI images. |
| Change in Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis (LIF) Score | Baseline, Week 12 | LiverMultiScan by Perspectum Diagnostics is an imaging software tool that works with MRI providing a non-invasive way to diagnose liver disease. A LIF score of \<1 represents a normal liver, 1-1.99 represents mild liver disease, 2-2.99 represents moderate liver disease, and a score ⩾3 represents severe liver disease. |
| Absolute Change in Height | Baseline, Week 12 | Height in centimeters was measured at each study visit. |
| Absolute Change in Weight | Baseline, Week 12 | Weight in kilograms was measured at each study visit. |
| Absolute Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) | Baseline, Week 12 | Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m\^2). The change in BMI between Baseline and Week 12 is presented here. |
| Absolute Change in Waist Circumference | Baseline, Week 12 | Waist circumference was measured in centimeters at each study visit. The change is waist circumference between Baseline and Week 12 is presented here. |
| Pill Count | Week 12 | Adherence was assessed by pill counts of returned bottles. A total of 120 pills were dispensed for the 12 week study period. Taking one pill per day for 12 weeks means that 36 pills would be returned if the participant had perfect adherence. Pill counts greater than 36 mean that doses were skipped. |
| Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) | Baseline, Week 6, Week 12 | Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoCIII is a component of VLDL, HDL, and triglyceride-rich chylomicrons and regulates lipid metabolism. Elevated ApoCIII is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Children were recruited from the patient population of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, in Atlanta, Georgia. Enrollment began on March 29, 2018 and study follow up was completed on August 27, 2019.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Gemcabene Children with NAFLD receiving 12 weeks of treatment with gemcabene | 6 |
| Total | 6 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lack of Efficacy | 3 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Gemcabene |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 6 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 6 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 6 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 5 / 6 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 6 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percent Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Percent change in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline to 12 weeks was examined. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for ALT varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 9-23 units/Liter (U/L) for boys and girls aged 1-18. Children with a sustained ALT ≥ 80 U/L are twice as likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of NAFLD characterized by inflammation and liver cell damage.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Percent Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 79.86 Percent change | Standard Deviation 27.02 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat
Abdominal subcutaneous fat was measured with the AMRA Body composition profile calculated from MRI images.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat | 1.30 Liters | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Abdominal Visceral Fat
Abdominal visceral fat was measured with the AMRA Medical body composition profile calculated from MRI images.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Abdominal Visceral Fat | 0.66 Liters | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in ALT
Absolute change in ALT among study participants is reported here. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for ALT varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 9-23 U/L for boys and girls aged 1-18. Children with a sustained ALT ≥ 80 U/L are twice as likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of NAFLD characterized by inflammation and liver cell damage.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in ALT | Baseline to Week 6 | 55.50 Units/Liter (U/L) | Standard Deviation 49.55 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in ALT | Baseline to Week 12 | 80.33 Units/Liter (U/L) | Standard Deviation 63.26 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)
Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoA-1 is a component of HDL (good cholesterol) which transports cholesterol and phospholipids through the body to the liver. Among children aged 2 to 17 years, an ApoA-1 level of less than 115 mg/dL is considered low and levels greater than 120 mg/dL are considered acceptable.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) | Baseline to Week 6 | -2.27 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 10.27 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) | Baseline to Week 12 | 0.80 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 15.09 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoB is a component of VLDL, intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), LDL, and chylomicrons. Among children aged 2 to 17 years, an ApoB level of less than 90 mg/dL is considered acceptable and levels of 100 mg/dL and greater are considered high.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) | Baseline to Week 6 | 0.90 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 15.02 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) | Baseline to Week 12 | 3.07 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 8.19 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II)
Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoC-II is a component of VLDL and chylomicrons. Normal values are between 3-5 mg/dL and abnormal values may be caused by a lipoprotein lipase deficiency resulting in fats not being broken down normally. Abnormal ApoC-II measurements may explain elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) | Baseline to Week 6 | 0.03 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) | Baseline to Week 12 | 0.95 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII)
Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoCIII is a component of VLDL, HDL, and triglyceride-rich chylomicrons and regulates lipid metabolism. Elevated ApoCIII is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) | Baseline to Week 6 | -1.80 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 2.59 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) | Baseline to Week 12 | 0.87 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
Apolipoproteins transport lipids through the body by binding with fat and cholesterol to form lipoproteins. ApoE is a component of IDL and chylomicrons and carry cholesterol to the brain. Normal values of ApoE are between 3-7 mg/dL. Elevated ApoE may be associated with increased risk of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) | Baseline to Week 6 | 0.24 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) | Baseline to Week 12 | 0.26 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
AST is a common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for AST varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 13-32 U/L for boys and 12-24 units/Liter for girls aged 7-18. Elevated AST levels indicate increased liver disease.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | Baseline to Week 6 | 17.25 Units/Liter (U/L) | Standard Deviation 12.15 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | Baseline to Week 12 | 30.33 Units/Liter (U/L) | Standard Deviation 23.38 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m\^2). The change in BMI between Baseline and Week 12 is presented here.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) | 1.78 kilograms per meters^2 (kg/m^2) | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a biomarker for NAFLD. Normal GGT values vary by age and the specific assay used. The normal range for males and females aged 11-18 is approximately 5-15 U/L. Increased GGT is associated with more severe NAFLD.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) | Baseline to Week 6 | 2.00 International units per liter (IU/L) | Standard Deviation 3.16 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) | Baseline to Week 12 | 6.67 International units per liter (IU/L) | Standard Deviation 2.31 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Height
Height in centimeters was measured at each study visit.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Height | 0.62 centimeters (cm) | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Hepatic Steatosis
Hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation in the liver) was measured by MRI using liver fat fraction (HepaFat-Scan by Resonance Health). NAFLD is characterized by an accumulation of fat in the liver. Having a fat percentage greater than 5% of the weight of the liver is a typical cut point to indicate NAFLD. The HepaFat-Scan software is a non-invasive method of measuring the volumetric liver fat fraction and is validated in children.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Hepatic Steatosis | 9.87 percentage of fat | Standard Deviation 4.06 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total HDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol because it is a type of fat that removes cholesterol from blood, thereby preventing build up. A healthy value for HDL cholesterol is 35 mg/dL and higher. Values under 35 mg/dL mean the child has a higher risk of developing heart disease.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol | Baseline to Week 6 | -1.97 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 2.55 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol | Baseline to Week 12 | -2.97 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 4.96 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP)
High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) is a measurement assessing inflammation. Increased levels of hsCRP are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular events such as stroke or heart attack. Values of hsCRP that are less than 1.0 mg/L are considered low risk, 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L indicates average risk, and values greater than 3.0 mg/L are considered high risk.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) | Baseline to Week 6 | 0.21 milligrams per liter (mg/L) | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) | Baseline to Week 12 | 1.15 milligrams per liter (mg/L) | Standard Deviation 1.42 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including LDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol levels below 110 mg/100 mL of blood are in the normal range while levels at 130 and above are considered high.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol | Baseline to Week 6 | -1.33 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 18.88 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol | Baseline to Week 12 | -2.67 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 12.74 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Non-high-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C)
Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total non-HDL-C. A measurement of non-HDL-C is obtained by subtracting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level from total cholesterol. Non-HDL-C can predict atherosclerosis with as much accuracy as other lipoproteins can. Non-HDL-C values of 129 mg/dL or greater are considered high.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Absolute Change in Pancreatic Fat
Pancreatic fat was measured by MRI (HepaFat). Increased pancreatic fat is associated with more severe liver disease in children with NAFLD.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of treatment.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Pancreatic Fat | 2.70 percentage of fat | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Total Cholesterol
Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total cholesterol. Cholesterol is waxy substance which is produced by the liver or comes from food consumed. Cholesterol concentrations are commonly used as a marker for cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood Total cholesterol levels below 170 mg/100 milliliters (mL) of blood are in the normal range while levels at 200 and above are considered high.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Total Cholesterol | Baseline to Week 6 | -4.00 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 17.78 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Total Cholesterol | Baseline to Week 12 | -2.33 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 15.31 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Triglycerides (TG)
Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including triglycerides. Triglycerides are made by the body and come from food consumed. High triglyceride levels increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Triglyceride levels below 150 mg/dL are considered acceptable while levels greater than 200 mg/dL are considered high.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Triglycerides (TG) | Baseline to Week 6 | -7.33 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 41.31 |
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Triglycerides (TG) | Baseline to Week 12 | 31.67 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 7.64 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Very-low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C)
Blood was drawn for a clinical lipid profile, including total VLDL cholesterol. VLDL cholesterol is produced in the liver and high levels are associated with increased plaque buildup in arteries. Values of VLDL-C that are 29 mg/dL or greater are considered high.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Absolute Change in Waist Circumference
Waist circumference was measured in centimeters at each study visit. The change is waist circumference between Baseline and Week 12 is presented here.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Waist Circumference | 5.73 centimeters (cm) | Standard Deviation 6.33 |
Secondary
Absolute Change in Weight
Weight in kilograms was measured at each study visit.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Absolute Change in Weight | 5.00 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
Secondary
Change in Fasting Glucose
Insulin sensitivity was determined by assessment of fasting glucose. The normal range for fasting glucose in children is 70-99 mg/dL. Diabetes mellitus is indicated with fasting glucose levels of 126 or greater.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Change in Fasting Glucose | Baseline to Week 6 | -1.03 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 9.65 |
| Gemcabene | Change in Fasting Glucose | Baseline to Week 12 | -2.63 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
Secondary
Change in Fasting Insulin
Insulin sensitivity was determined by assessment of fasting insulin. Fasting insulin increases with insulin resistance and tends to occur with NAFLD.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Change in Fasting Insulin | Baseline to Week 6 | 5.73 micro international unit per mL (uIU/mL) | Standard Deviation 16.22 |
| Gemcabene | Change in Fasting Insulin | Baseline to Week 12 | 16.03 micro international unit per mL (uIU/mL) | Standard Deviation 20.93 |
Secondary
Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score
The HOMA-IR score is calculated as fasting blood glucose level (nmol/L) multiplied by fasting insulin level (microU/L), divided by 22.5. Higher scores indicate increasing insulin resistance, although pediatric cut-points for HOMA-IR scores vary by gender and age.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to week 6 or week 12 and who had their blood sample analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score | Baseline to Week 6 | 1.11 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.32 |
| Gemcabene | Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score | Baseline to Week 12 | 3.75 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.38 |
Secondary
Change in Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1B)
Interleukin 1 beta is a cytokine protein involved in inflammatory response. A normal value for IL-1B is less than 3.9 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). Increased IL-1B levels have been found to be associated with congestive heart failure.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Interleukin 6 is a cytokine protein involved in the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response and stimulates an inflammatory response in many diseases, including atherosclerosis. Higher levels are generally interpreted as worsening of a disease condition.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis (LIF) Score
LiverMultiScan by Perspectum Diagnostics is an imaging software tool that works with MRI providing a non-invasive way to diagnose liver disease. A LIF score of \<1 represents a normal liver, 1-1.99 represents mild liver disease, 2-2.99 represents moderate liver disease, and a score ⩾3 represents severe liver disease.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for this analysis was not available.
Secondary
Change in Particle Size of Chylomicrons
The size of chylomicrons in blood will be assessed throughout the study period. Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles comprised of primarily of triglycerides and also contain phospholipids, and proteins. The size of chylomicrons varies and typically range from 75 to 600 nanometers (nm) in diameter. Chylomicrons are larger immediately following a meal.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Particle Size of HDL
Lipoprotein particle size will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). HDL size ranges from 7-13 nanometers (nm). Different sizes of HDL perform different functions in the body and this study will examine how HDL particle size is altered over time by the study treatment.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Particle Size of LDL
Lipoprotein particle size will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). LDL size ranges from 21-27 nanometers (nm) and is impacted by metabolic factors. This study will examine how LDL particle size is altered over time by the study treatment.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Particle Size of VLDL
Lipoprotein particle size will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). VLDL size ranges from 30-90 nanometers (nm) and is impacted by eating a meal high in fat. A linear relationship has been seen between VLDL particle size and NAFLD degree of severity.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Procollagen III
Procollagen III peptide levels can be used to assess the degree of collagen turnover and liver fibrosis. Increases in serum concentrations of procollagen III indicate a worsening disease state.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Change in Rate of de Novo Lipogenesis (DNL)
Rate of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) will be measured using stable isotope tracers. DNL is a biochemical process occurring in the liver where fatty acids are synthesized into carbohydrates. This study will examine how the rate of DNL is altered over time by the study treatment.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis was not performed due to early termination of the study. Frozen samples were to be run in batches upon completion of the study, however, very few samples had been collected as the study did not reach completion. As the milestones for study completion were not met, funding for running the samples was not available.
Secondary
Percent Change in ALT Between Study Visits
Percent change in ALT from baseline to week 6 and the mean of week 6 and week 12 was examined. ALT elevation is the most common screening test used for detecting NAFLD. The normal range for ALT varies by age, sex, and the specific assay used but is approximately 9-23 U/L for boys and girls aged 1-18. Children with a sustained ALT ≥ 80 U/L are twice as likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of NAFLD characterized by inflammation and liver cell damage.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 6, Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants who completed the trial up to Week 6 or Week 12.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Percent Change in ALT Between Study Visits | Baseline to Week 6 | 58.47 Percent change | Standard Deviation 48.9 |
| Gemcabene | Percent Change in ALT Between Study Visits | Week 6 to Week 12 | 4.58 Percent change | Standard Deviation 12.31 |
Secondary
Pill Count
Adherence was assessed by pill counts of returned bottles. A total of 120 pills were dispensed for the 12 week study period. Taking one pill per day for 12 weeks means that 36 pills would be returned if the participant had perfect adherence. Pill counts greater than 36 mean that doses were skipped.
Time frame: Week 12
Population: This analysis includes participants completing 12 weeks of gemcabene.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemcabene | Pill Count | 52.0 Number of pills returned | Standard Deviation 19.1 |