Integrating Mind-Body Skills With Physical Activity to Improve Physical and Emotional Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Pain

Rate of participant's use of ActiGraph watch for a period of one week at both baseline and post-treatment assessments. A valid day of wear consisted of at least 7 hours of wear time.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks)

Population: The number of participants who received an ActiGraph at post-tests was fewer than baselines because of patients discontinuing participation.

Rate of participant's completion of homework assigned throughout the study. Logs were considered adherent if participants completed 3 home practice components 3 out of 7 days per week or 1 home practice component 5 out of 7 days per week.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks)

Number of participants who score above the midpoint on two subscales assessed using frequencies and proportions. The measure involves two subscales: credibility (questions 1-3) and expectancy (questions 4-6). Subscale scores range from 3 to 27. Higher scores indicate greater perceived credibility and greater belief that treatment will help.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks)

The number of participants that completed quantitative measures. Rate of participant's completion of self-report measures administered at baseline and post-test assessments.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks)

Items are summed to generate a total score; scores range from 3 to 12, with higher values indicating higher satisfaction.

Time frame: Post-Test (10 Weeks)

Assessed via the percentage of participants who attended at least 7 out of 10 sessions.

Time frame: Post-Test (10 Weeks)

Any self-reported or observed negative events related to participation.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks)

Two independent coders rated whether clinicians delivered each component of study sessions (e.g., deep breathing, providing education on prevalent myths about chronic pain) , exhibited skillful delivery (e.g., active listening, validation), and followed study protocol (e.g., collecting home practice sheets, logging attendance). Each individual component was rated on a yes/no scale. The adherent (yes) components were summed, tallied against the total number of components in the adherence checklist, and averaged between the 2 reviewers. The score represents a total rate of adherence.

Time frame: Collected during the intervention

Recorded the distance in meters each participant covered by walking on a flat surface for 6 minutes.

Time frame: 6 minutes at baseline (0 Weeks), 6 minutes at post-test (10 Weeks).

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

Average steps counted for using the wGT3X-BT ActiGraph accelerometer device. Daily step counts were collected using the device for a week at each assessment period. A weekly average was calculated from the daily totals.

Time frame: 1 week at baseline (0 Weeks), 1 week at post-test (10 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The CAMS, a 12-item scale, measures how much one experiences their thoughts and feelings. Items range from 1 to 4. Total scores range from 12 to 48. Higher values reflect higher levels of mindfulness.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The MOCS-A, a 13-item scale, measures one's perceived ability to perform various skills that the intervention aims to target. Scores range from 0 to 52. Higher scores indicate greater perceived ability.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

Measures pain at rest and pain with activity on a Likert scale with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain ever

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The PCS, a 13-item scale, measures how individuals experience pain, in terms of catastrophizing. Total scores range from 0 to 52. A higher score indicates more catastrophizing.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The PRS, a 14-item scale, measures pain resilience and how one would respond emotionally when faced with prolonged pain. Scores range from 0 to 56. Higher scores indicate greater resilience.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The PGIC assesses clinically important change in symptoms since beginning treatment. Each of the 6 items assesses a different treatment target. Items are assessed on a scale of 0 to 6. Lower scores indicate greater symptom improvement.

Time frame: Post-Test (10 Weeks)

The 8-item scale measures fear and worry over the past week. Raw scores range from 8 to 40. T-scores range from 37.1 to 83.1. Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The 8-item scale measures depressive symptoms over the past week. Raw scores range from 8 to 40 and t scores range from 37.1 to 82.4. Higher scores indicate greater depressive symptoms.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The 4-item scale measures perceived emotional support. Raw scores range from 4 to 20. Scaled scores range from 25.7 to 62. Higher score indicate greater emotional support.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The 8-item scale assesses for how difficult it is for one to perform daily living activities. Raw scores range from 8 to 40. T scores range from 20.3 to 60.1. Higher scores indicate better physical function and ability to perform activities of daily living.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The 4-item scale measures how often one perceives feeling apart from others and excluded. Raw scores range from 4 to 20. Scaled scores range from 34.8 to 74.2. Higher scores indicate greater social isolation.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The PASIPD is a 13-item measure that assesses one's level of physical activity and exercise in the past 7 days. Scores range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater activity.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

Measures one's sleep quality. Scores range from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The TKS is a 17-item scale that measures one's fear of movement, with a greater score indicating greater fear of injury due to movement. Scores range from 11 to 44.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data

The WHODAS measures level of functioning in six domains: cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation. Scores range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate more disability.

Time frame: Baseline (0 Weeks), Post-Test (10 Weeks), 3-Month Follow-Up (23 Weeks)

Population: We used linear mixed-models repeated measures analyses of covariance, which implicitly impute unobserved data