Alzheimer Disease, Pain
Conditions
Keywords
pain, acupressure, alzheimer
Brief summary
Pain is considered as one of the most important causal factors of behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). The investigators plan to examine the effectiveness of pain relief, pain sensory change and immune biomarkers change (measured by serum biomarkers) after the auricular point acupressure (APA). A waitlist will be used to examine the feasibility of a 4-week APA intervention. The investigators will also explore potential analgesic pathways and underpinnings of APA on pain relief.
Detailed description
A waitlist pilot study will be conducted to examine the feasibility of a 4-week APA intervention. Participants and their caregivers will be enrolled into the study. Following the baseline assessment (1st home visit), participants will wait one month and will be randomized to an interventionist or caregiver-training group. Both groups will have a home/office visit at pre-intervention, followed by three home visits weekly, and a final home/office visit at post-intervention. Participants in both groups will have 1 monthly follow-up phone call after the completion of APA.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALAuricular Point Acupressure
It includes 4 weekly auricular point acupressure treatments.
Sponsors
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Johns Hopkins University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* have a diagnosis of possible or probable ADRD by National Institute of Aging (NIA) and Alzheimer's Association Guidelines, * have a caregiver who is able to help and manage APA, * pain that has persisted at least 3 months and pain on at least half of the days for the previous 6 months, * average intensity of pain ≥ 4 on a 10 point numerical pain scale in the past 7 days, * receiving care at the Johns Hopkins Memory and Alzheimer's Treatment Center (JHMATC), Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's disease Research Center (JHADRC), * willing to commit to 5-weekly study visits (first office visits and followed by home visits) by the study coordinators and two follow-up home visits (at three- and six-months follow-up), * have any type of dementia, mild to moderate stages (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA, ≥ 8), * caregiver is willing to participate.
Exclusion criteria
* concurrent major psychiatric disorder (e.g. major depressive disorder (as primary diagnosis), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) or drug and alcohol abuse, * severe illness or pain that would lead to significant deterioration in health, or that would limit participation in the interventions (e.g. metastatic cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, etc.)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change of Pain intensity | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | It will be measured by Brief Pain Inventory (score 0-10 for pain intensity, with 0 for no pain and 10 for most severe pain. score 0-70 for pain interferences |
| Change of Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | It will be measured by cold pressor testing, conditional pain modulation, mechanical pain threshold. The percentage of change score (from each end point to baseline) will be used (0-100). |
| Change of Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | Assess the presence (yes or no) and the severity of ten neuropsychiatric symptoms. The possible range of scores is 0-36 with 0 being least severe and 36 being most severe |
| Change of Neuropsychiatric Inventory Caregiver Distress (NPI-D) | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | It is used to assess caregiver's distress. The range of the scale is from 0-60 with 0 being least distress and 60 being most distress |
| Change of Caregiver Burden Interview | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | It will be measured using Zarit Burden.The Zarit Burden Interview, a popular caregiver self-report measure used by many aging agencies, originated as a 29-item questionnaire . The revised version contains 22 items. Each item on the interview is a statement which the caregiver is asked to endorse using a scale. Response options usually range from 0 (Never) to 4 (Nearly Always) The score ranges from 0 to 48.the greater the score, the higher the burden. |
| Change of Quality of life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | Total scores range from 13 to 52. |
| Change of Inflammatory Cytokines | Baseline, pre- (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks), one-month (12 weeks), 2-month (16 weeks), 3-month (20 weeks), 6-month (32 weeks), and 9-month (44 weeks) follow up | It will be measured by blood serum. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed