Smoking Cessation, Smoking, Cigarette
Conditions
Keywords
pictorial warning labels, risk knowledge, emotion, memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions
Brief summary
Pictorial cigarette warning labels (PWLs) are thought to increase risk knowledge, but experimental research has not examined PWLs' longer term effects on memory for health risks. This trial tests memory for health risks immediately or after a six-week delay for US-representative adult smokers, US-representative teen smokers/vulnerable smokers, and Appalachian-representative adult smokers. In addition, the trial tests the effects of different warning label components and the consequences of memory for labels on risk perceptions and quit intentions.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALText-only PWL
Control condition
BEHAVIORALLow-emot PWL
Pictorial warning
BEHAVIORALHigh-emot PWL
Pictorial warning
BEHAVIORALImmediate posttest
BEHAVIORALdelay posttest
Sponsors
University of Pennsylvania
Ohio State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
14 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 19-65 years old (adult samples) * have smoked 100+ lifetime cigarettes (adult samples) * currently smoke every day or some days. (adult samples) * 14-18 years old (teen sample) * have ever smoked a cigarette (teen sample)
Exclusion criteria
• have not ever smoked a cigarette (all samples)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| graphic warning label recall | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay | free recall for risk information presented in labels (9 text boxes, 1 for each label; coded for exact or equivalent words) |
| smoking risk recognition | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay | Participants were subsequently shown twenty-six negative health effects and asked Which of the following health effects were mentioned in the warnings we showed you? and responded Yes, I saw this health effect or No, I did not see this health effect. Fourteen risks were mentioned in the warnings (e.g., cancer, harms children, emphysema); six were risks of smoking not presented in the warnings (e.g., wrinkles, diabetes), and six were not risks of smoking (e.g., acne, thyroid problems). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| smoking risk perceptions | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay | participants completed several scale items about how much risk they perceived smoking posed to them (e.g., Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of: 1) getting a life threatening illness because of smoking, 2) getting lung cancer, and 3) dying at a younger age than average (-3 = Much lower, +3 = Much higher)) |
| quit intentions | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay | participants' intentions to quit smoking |
Outcome results
None listed