Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Virtual Reality, Prefrontal Cortex, Veterans, Quality of Life
Brief summary
This study tests the efficacy of combining non-invasive brain stimulation, called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), with virtual reality exposure as a treatment for Veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Investigators tested whether this intervention improves PTSD symptoms and improves quality of life. Results from this study may be used to develop a new non-medication approach to treating chronic PTSD.
Detailed description
PTSD is highly prevalent in Veterans and is associated with significant psychiatric and medical comorbidity, as well as poor quality of life. Despite its prevalence and impact, the success of currently available treatments is mixed, highlighting the need for novel approaches that aim to reduce symptoms and improve outcomes. Prior research demonstrated that reduced activity in a part of the brain, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), is associated with an inability to regulate fear responses, preventing the generation of safety memories and allowing PTSD symptoms to persist. Targeting the VMPFC with non-invasive electrical brain stimulation may therefore alleviate these symptoms. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a type of non-invasive brain stimulation that may enhance the likelihood of neuronal activity in the VMPFC. In doing so, tDCS prepares the brain to respond to external stimuli and to facilitate learning and memory. Because therapeutic success from exposure to trauma-related content - as used in exposure-based therapy for PTSD - is thought to be based on an adaptive learning process, applying tDCS in combination with exposure to trauma cues may effectively boost exposure-based learning. In this study, investigators at the VA Providence Healthcare System will use a standardized virtual reality (VR) setting to deliver trauma-related content. The virtual reality setting involves three, 8-minute driving scenarios, constituting one VR session, which consist of VR stimuli (sights, sounds, smells, etc.) often encountered in combat training and in theater. Eligible participants will be randomized to receive six sessions of either active tDCS plus virtual reality (tDCS+VR) or sham tDCS+VR. Clinical and self-report assessments will be completed at baseline, midpoint, and endpoint, as well as 1 and 3 months following the final VR session. Primary outcome measures occur at the 1 month timepoint. Psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) will be collected throughout each VR session to capture habituation. Participants will also undergo a MRI before and after completion of all six active or sham tDCS+VR sessions to assess change over time. Additionally, MRI data will be used for electrical field modeling to predict treatment response based on individually obtained electrical field values in PTSD relevant neural circuitry. Participants may also choose to participate in an optional pre-active or sham tDCS+VR session EEG and an optional 1-month follow-up MRI.
Interventions
OTHERVirtual Reality (VR)
Participants will undergo VR exposure to trauma-related context.
DEVICESham stimulation
For sham tDCS, the investigators will use the same electrode and sponge configuration as active tDCS, but using the device study mode (10 µA over 15 ms current pulse applied every 550 ms, 3ms peak current).
DEVICEActive stimulation
For active tDCS, the investigators will use a 1x1 configuration with the anode placed over EEG coordinates AF7/Fp1/AF3 (using the 10-20 EEG convention) and the cathode between EEG coordinate OZ and the contralateral mastoid (covering approximately PO8/P8). The investigators will use 3x3 cm sponge covered electrodes and a 2mA current for 25 minutes per session.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
double blind tDCS
Intervention model description
Participants are assigned to receive either active or sham stimulation during the tDCS+VR sessions in parallel for the duration of the study
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Must be a Veteran * Located in the greater Providence and Boston areas * Have a diagnosis of chronic PTSD, meeting DSM-5 criteria * If in treatment, symptomatic despite ongoing stable treatment regimens for at least 6 weeks prior to study procedures. * Willing and able to comply with all study related procedures and visits * Capable of independently reading and understanding study materials and providing informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
Contraindications to MRI or tDCS, including: * Implanted device (e.g., deep brain stimulation) or metal in the brain, cervical spinal cord, or upper thoracic spinal cord. * Skin lesions at the site of stimulation that may increase conductance (e.g., vascular moles or angiomas) * Pregnancy/lactation, or planning to become pregnant during the study * Lifetime history of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) * Current unstable medical conditions * Current (or past if appropriate) significant neurological disorder, or lifetime history of a) seizure disorder b) primary or secondary CNS tumors c) stroke or d) cerebral aneurysm. Other exclusions: * Primary psychotic disorder * Bipolar I disorder * Active moderate/severe substance use disorders (within the last month, excluding nicotine/caffeine) * Active suicidal intent or plan as detected on screening instruments or in the investigative team's judgment is likely to attempt suicide within 6 months * Other conditions or circumstances that, in the opinion of the investigator team, have the potential to prevent completion and/or have a confounding effect on outcome assessments.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Baseline, Midpoint (1 week after VR session 3), Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-up, 3 Month Follow-Up | The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD. Items are rated on how much the symptom bothered the respondent in the past month (0 = not at all bothered by to 4 = extremely bothered ). A total symptom severity score (range: 0-80) can be obtained by summing the scores for each of the 20 items, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD symptoms. PCL-5 scores at 1 month was the primary symptom outcome measure for this study. |
| Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | Baseline, Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-Up, 3 Month Follow-Up | The 16-item QLESQ (short form) evaluates quality of life and other areas of change related to functioning outside of symptom domains (e.g., physical health, mood, leisure time activities, social relationships, etc.). Items are rated on how satisfied the respondent has been in the past week (1 = very poor to 5 = very good ). A total raw score (range: 16-80). Higher outcomes indicate better quality of life, greater enjoyment, and satisfaction. |
| Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | Measured during each tDCS+VR session, each session up to 1 hour | Psychophysiology will include skin conductance reactivity to specific trauma context virtual reality (VR) cues presented in the VR scenario. SCR to VR events will be measured by the phasic responses that occur after the presentation of discreet VR events. SCR will be compared from baseline to end of tDCS+VR, to correlate these measures and evaluate changes attributable to active tDCS+VR compared to sham. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Baseline, Midpoint (1 week after VR session 3), Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-up, 3 Month Follow-Up | The 28-item IDSSR is a self-report measure of depressive symptom severity. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 3 by the participant for a total minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 84. A higher score on the IDSSR indicates increased depressive symptom severity. |
| Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | Baseline, Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-Up, 3 Month Follow-Up | The SOFAS is a scale that focuses on the individual's level of social and occupational functioning and is not directly influenced by the overall severity of the individual's psychological symptoms. Any impairment in social and occupational functioning that is due to general medical conditions is considered in making the SOFAS rating. The SOFAS is usually used to rate functioning for the current period (i.e., the level of functioning at the time of the evaluation). Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better social and occupational functioning. |
| Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | Baseline, Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-Up, 3 Month Follow-Up | The CAPS-5 is the gold standard in clinician-assessed PTSD symptoms. The CAPS-5 is a 30-item structured interview that can be used to make current (past month) diagnosis of PTSD, make lifetime diagnosis of PTSD, and assess PTSD symptoms over the past week. In addition to assessing the 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, questions target the onset and duration of symptoms, subjective distress, impact of symptoms on social and occupational functioning, improvement in symptoms since a previous CAPS administration, overall response validity, overall PTSD severity, and specifications for the dissociative subtype (depersonalization and derealization). An interviewee's total severity score on the CAPS-5 represents the sum of the individual severity scores (0-4) for each of the 20 PTSD symptoms; total scores range from 0-80, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD symptoms. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Following enrollment, 10 Veterans were not randomized. Of these 10 Veterans, five were ineligible, three were lost to contact, and 2 were discontinued due to other concerns.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Active Stimulation Active stimulation (tDCS) will be used in the dose of 2mA /25 min per day, for 6 sessions over the course of 2 weeks (3 sessions per week).
Active stimulation: For active tDCS, the investigators will use a 1x1 configuration with the anode placed over EEG coordinates AF7/Fp1/AF3 (using the 10-20 EEG convention) and the cathode between EEG coordinate OZ and the contralateral mastoid (covering approximately PO8/P8). The investigators will use 3x3 cm sponge covered electrodes and a 2mA current for 25 minutes per session.
Virtual Reality (VR): Participants will undergo VR exposure to trauma-related context. | 26 |
| Sham Stimulation Sham tDCS uses the device study mode (10 µA over 15 ms current pulse applied every 550 ms, 3ms peak current). This process will be used for each of the 6 sessions during a 2 week period.
Sham stimulation: For sham tDCS, the investigators will use the same electrode and sponge configuration as active tDCS, but using the device study mode (10 µA over 15 ms current pulse applied every 550 ms, 3ms peak current).
Virtual Reality (VR): Participants will undergo VR exposure to trauma-related context. | 28 |
| Total | 54 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Discontinued due to stimulation site discomfort | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Sham Stimulation | Total | Active Stimulation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 47 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 | 46 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 | 44 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 |
| Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 | 40.5 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.1 | 42.59 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.37 | 44.8 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 25 Participants | 46 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (IDSSR) | 38.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 | 40.04 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.52 | 41.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 |
| PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) | 45.0 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.9 | 46.72 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.02 | 48.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.1 |
| Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | 39.2 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.8 | 37.61 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.42 | 35.9 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.9 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 22 Participants | 43 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 28 Participants | 54 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 26 Participants | 51 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | 43.0 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 | 42.20 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.31 | 40.5 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 26 | 0 / 28 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 18 / 26 | 18 / 28 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 26 | 2 / 28 |
Outcome results
Primary
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score
The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD. Items are rated on how much the symptom bothered the respondent in the past month (0 = not at all bothered by to 4 = extremely bothered ). A total symptom severity score (range: 0-80) can be obtained by summing the scores for each of the 20 items, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD symptoms. PCL-5 scores at 1 month was the primary symptom outcome measure for this study.
Time frame: Baseline, Midpoint (1 week after VR session 3), Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-up, 3 Month Follow-Up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Midpoint | 38.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
| Active Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | 1 Month Follow-Up | 31.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.8 |
| Active Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Endpoint | 36.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.4 |
| Active Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | 3 Month Follow-Up | 21.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.6 |
| Active Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Baseline | 48.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.1 |
| Sham Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | 3 Month Follow-Up | 32.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.1 |
| Sham Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Baseline | 45.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.9 |
| Sham Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Midpoint | 41.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.1 |
| Sham Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | Endpoint | 38.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.1 |
| Sham Stimulation | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Total Score | 1 Month Follow-Up | 37.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.6 |
Primary
Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR)
Psychophysiology will include skin conductance reactivity to specific trauma context virtual reality (VR) cues presented in the VR scenario. SCR to VR events will be measured by the phasic responses that occur after the presentation of discreet VR events. SCR will be compared from baseline to end of tDCS+VR, to correlate these measures and evaluate changes attributable to active tDCS+VR compared to sham.
Time frame: Measured during each tDCS+VR session, each session up to 1 hour
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 1 | 0.742 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.093 |
| Active Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 2 | 0.596 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.095 |
| Active Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 3 | 0.48 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.095 |
| Active Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 4 | 0.458 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.096 |
| Active Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 5 | 0.295 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.095 |
| Active Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 6 | 0.441 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.096 |
| Sham Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 5 | 0.492 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.094 |
| Sham Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 1 | 0.64 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.093 |
| Sham Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 4 | 0.475 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.093 |
| Sham Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 2 | 0.503 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.092 |
| Sham Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 6 | 0.492 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.094 |
| Sham Stimulation | Psychophysiology (Skin Conductance Reactivity; SCR) | VR Session 3 | 0.539 microsiemens (μS) | Standard Error 0.093 |
Primary
Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ)
The 16-item QLESQ (short form) evaluates quality of life and other areas of change related to functioning outside of symptom domains (e.g., physical health, mood, leisure time activities, social relationships, etc.). Items are rated on how satisfied the respondent has been in the past week (1 = very poor to 5 = very good ). A total raw score (range: 16-80). Higher outcomes indicate better quality of life, greater enjoyment, and satisfaction.
Time frame: Baseline, Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-Up, 3 Month Follow-Up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | Baseline | 35.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.9 |
| Active Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | Endpoint | 39.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.2 |
| Active Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | 1 month follow-up | 40.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| Active Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | 3-month follow-up | 44.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.6 |
| Sham Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | 3-month follow-up | 47.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
| Sham Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | Baseline | 39.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.8 |
| Sham Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | 1 month follow-up | 41.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
| Sham Stimulation | Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) | Endpoint | 41.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
Secondary
Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
The CAPS-5 is the gold standard in clinician-assessed PTSD symptoms. The CAPS-5 is a 30-item structured interview that can be used to make current (past month) diagnosis of PTSD, make lifetime diagnosis of PTSD, and assess PTSD symptoms over the past week. In addition to assessing the 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, questions target the onset and duration of symptoms, subjective distress, impact of symptoms on social and occupational functioning, improvement in symptoms since a previous CAPS administration, overall response validity, overall PTSD severity, and specifications for the dissociative subtype (depersonalization and derealization). An interviewee's total severity score on the CAPS-5 represents the sum of the individual severity scores (0-4) for each of the 20 PTSD symptoms; total scores range from 0-80, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-Up, 3 Month Follow-Up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | Baseline | 44.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.2 |
| Active Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | Endpoint | 40.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.2 |
| Active Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | 1 Month Follow-Up | 34.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.7 |
| Active Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | 3 Month Follow-Up | 22.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.9 |
| Sham Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | 3 Month Follow-Up | 31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.9 |
| Sham Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | Baseline | 40.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.1 |
| Sham Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | 1 Month Follow-Up | 36.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.6 |
| Sham Stimulation | Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | Endpoint | 37.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
Secondary
Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR)
The 28-item IDSSR is a self-report measure of depressive symptom severity. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 3 by the participant for a total minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 84. A higher score on the IDSSR indicates increased depressive symptom severity.
Time frame: Baseline, Midpoint (1 week after VR session 3), Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-up, 3 Month Follow-Up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Midpoint | 35.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
| Active Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | 1 Month Follow-Up | 30.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.2 |
| Active Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Endpoint | 34.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.1 |
| Active Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | 3 Month Follow-Up | 23.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.7 |
| Active Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Baseline | 41.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12 |
| Sham Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | 3 Month Follow-Up | 27.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.8 |
| Sham Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Baseline | 38.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13 |
| Sham Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Midpoint | 35.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.4 |
| Sham Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | Endpoint | 34.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
| Sham Stimulation | Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (IDSSR) | 1 Month Follow-Up | 32.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.5 |
Secondary
Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS)
The SOFAS is a scale that focuses on the individual's level of social and occupational functioning and is not directly influenced by the overall severity of the individual's psychological symptoms. Any impairment in social and occupational functioning that is due to general medical conditions is considered in making the SOFAS rating. The SOFAS is usually used to rate functioning for the current period (i.e., the level of functioning at the time of the evaluation). Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better social and occupational functioning.
Time frame: Baseline, Endpoint (2 weeks after VR session 6), 1 Month Follow-Up, 3 Month Follow-Up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | Baseline | 40.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.7 |
| Active Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | Endpoint | 47.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.7 |
| Active Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | 1 Month Follow-Up | 53.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.8 |
| Active Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | 3 Month Follow-Up | 67.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
| Sham Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | 3 Month Follow-Up | 62.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.3 |
| Sham Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | Baseline | 43.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.2 |
| Sham Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | 1 Month Follow-Up | 54.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.4 |
| Sham Stimulation | Social and Occupational Function Scale (SOFAS) | Endpoint | 48.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.2 |