Alcohol Use Disorder, Nicotine Use Disorder
Conditions
Brief summary
This proposal addresses the critical absence of information about the neurobiology of recovery from Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in alcohol and nicotine users.
Detailed description
This proposal addresses the critical absence of information about the neurobiology of recovery from Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in alcohol and nicotine users. AUD and nicotine use disorder (NUD) are the most commonly abused (non-prescription) substances in the U.S. Co-addiction is particularly high in military veterans. Although nationwide estimates peg the rate of AUD/NUD co-addiction at 80%, the Substance Abuse Treatment Program (SATP) at the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS) finds that 90% of veterans treated for AUD also meet criteria for NUD. The investigators hypothesize that a support vector machine learning algorithm will be able to use the measures to classify subjects as AUD, NUD both or neither and that the algorithm will predict outcome (sobriety or relapse) at three months.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
All subjects will undergo a baseline MRI and subjects in both alcohol groups (alcohol use disorder and combined alcohol and nicotine use disorder) will undergo a followup MRI 3 months after baseline.
Sponsors
Oregon Health and Science University
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* None
Exclusion criteria
* None
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Baseline | This outcome measures cortical thickness (millimeters) across brain regions using structural MRI. Cortical thickness reflects the integrity of gray matter and is influenced by factors such as neurodegeneration, plasticity, and development. Reductions in cortical thickness, particularly in prefrontal and limbic regions, are associated with impaired cognitive control, emotion regulation, and decision-making in substance use disorders. |
| Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Baseline | The DSN-back is a cognitive task used to assess working memory and attention. Participants view a sequence of letters presented on a screen, flanked by either drug-related or neutral images, and are instructed to identify matches occurring N steps earlier. Neural activation during high working memory demand condition (2-back) relative to the low working memory condition (0-back) was investigated. Inconsistent activation patterns across regions may indicate impaired neural processing in regions critical for cognitive control, emotion regulation, and reward processing, commonly reported in substance use disorders. Values closer to 0 (no change) in regions responsible for emotion regulation and cognitive control (e.g., Amygdala, ACC) may indicate reduced task-specific engagement where drug-related processes may be dominating neural activity. |
| Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Baseline | This outcome measures resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the striatum using seed-based analysis of resting-state fMRI data. FC values, expressed as Fisher z-transformed correlation coefficients, quantify the strength of synchronization between the striatum seed region and other brain areas. Positive values indicate synchronized activity, while negative values reflect anticorrelation. Altered rsFC of the striatum, a hub for reward processing, habit formation, and executive control, is linked to alcohol and nicotine use disorders and may indicate impaired regulation of cravings and heightened sensitivity to substance-related cues. Investigating rsFC patterns may identify biomarkers of addiction severity, predict treatment outcomes, and inform potential therapeutic targets. |
| Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Baseline | Fractional Anisotropy (FA) is a scalar metric derived from diffusion-weighted MRI that quantifies the degree of directional dependence (anisotropy) of water diffusion in brain white matter, with values ranging from 0 (isotropic diffusion) to 1 (maximally anisotropic diffusion). Increases in FA may reflect greater white matter organization and integrity, while decreases often indicate microstructural damage, demyelination, or axonal loss. FA measurements were averaged within predefined regions of interest (ROIs) to assess the integrity of white matter in various brain regions associated with cognitive, motor, and emotional processing. Decreased FA in tracts such as the corpus callosum or prefrontal pathways may reflect impaired communication between brain regions involved in reward processing and cognitive control in substance use disorders. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
This study was conducted in a hospital setting from 2018 to 2023.
Pre-assignment details
Of 616 phone screens conducted at the VA Portland Health Care System, 171 were eligible to participate in the study, and 109 participants signed an informed consent form. 4 participants were screened out or declined participation after consent but prior to any data collection and are not included in participant flow table. Control and Nicotine group's participation was complete after baseline measurements were collected. Alcohol groups continued to next periods.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Control Group No history of addiction to any substance or gambling. Less than 20 lifetime cigarettes or equivalent.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): All subjects will undergo a baseline MRI and subjects in both alcohol groups (alcohol use disorder and combined alcohol and nicotine use disorder) will undergo a followup MRI 3 months after baseline. | 28 |
| Nicotine Group Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) criteria for Nicotine Use Disorder. Current smoker, at least 10 cigarettes per day. No history of addiction to any other substance
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): All subjects will undergo a baseline MRI and subjects in both alcohol groups (alcohol use disorder and combined alcohol and nicotine use disorder) will undergo a followup MRI 3 months after baseline. | 18 |
| Alcohol Group DSM-V criteria for Alcohol use Disorder. At least 8 heavy drinking episodes in the past month. Abstinent for at least 2 weeks and no more than 4 weeks. Less than 20 lifetime cigarettes or equivalent. No history of addiction to any other substances or gambling.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): All subjects will undergo a baseline MRI and subjects in both alcohol groups (alcohol use disorder and combined alcohol and nicotine use disorder) will undergo a followup MRI 3 months after baseline. | 11 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group DSM-V criteria for Nicotine Use Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder. At least 8 heavy drinking episodes in the past month. Current smoker. Alcohol free from 2 to 4 weeks. No history of addiction to other substances or gambling.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): All subjects will undergo a baseline MRI and subjects in both alcohol groups (alcohol use disorder and combined alcohol and nicotine use disorder) will undergo a followup MRI 3 months after baseline. | 25 |
| Total | 82 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Check-In Visit (Alcohol Groups Only) | Deemed no longer eligible due to changes in health | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Check-In Visit (Alcohol Groups Only) | Lost to Follow-up | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 |
| Follow-up Visit (Alcohol Groups Only) | Could not complete in-person items due to COVID-19 shutdown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Screening Visit | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Screening Visit | Screen fail after consent | 2 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control Group | Nicotine Group | Alcohol Group | Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 28 Participants | 18 Participants | 11 Participants | 25 Participants | 82 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 34.86 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.4 | 38.67 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 | 41.45 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 | 40.88 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.7 | 38.41 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 23 Participants | 15 Participants | 9 Participants | 22 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 25 Participants | 9 Participants | 8 Participants | 23 Participants | 65 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 28 Participants | 18 Participants | 11 Participants | 25 Participants | 82 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 14 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 14 Participants | 17 Participants | 7 Participants | 20 Participants | 58 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 13 | 0 / 33 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 13 | 0 / 33 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 13 | 0 / 33 |
Outcome results
Primary
Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK)
The DSN-back is a cognitive task used to assess working memory and attention. Participants view a sequence of letters presented on a screen, flanked by either drug-related or neutral images, and are instructed to identify matches occurring N steps earlier. Neural activation during high working memory demand condition (2-back) relative to the low working memory condition (0-back) was investigated. Inconsistent activation patterns across regions may indicate impaired neural processing in regions critical for cognitive control, emotion regulation, and reward processing, commonly reported in substance use disorders. Values closer to 0 (no change) in regions responsible for emotion regulation and cognitive control (e.g., Amygdala, ACC) may indicate reduced task-specific engagement where drug-related processes may be dominating neural activity.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Participants were removed from analysis due to too much motion, performing the task incorrectly, or did not perform the task during the MRI session.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Anterior Cingulate Cortex | -26.1562 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 163.7528 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Amygdala | -37.6450 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 101.178 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Hippocampus | -31.8272 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 106.1173 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Insula | -0.7322 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 152.9914 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex | -35.9220 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 52.9373 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Nucleus Accumbens | -56.2479 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 193.2017 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Nucleus Accumbens | -121.6585 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 258.8531 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Insula | -73.3807 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 160.7811 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Anterior Cingulate Cortex | -45.2123 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 142.7251 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Hippocampus | -45.4345 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 124.8141 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Amygdala | -72.3998 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 160.9536 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex | -22.4666 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 55.9283 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Amygdala | -36.6553 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 143.9042 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Hippocampus | -69.7126 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 115.106 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Insula | 61.6090 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 138.2172 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Nucleus Accumbens | -133.8492 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 123.4497 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex | 37.5445 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 95.7412 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Anterior Cingulate Cortex | 18.4989 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 119.7023 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex | -12.6343 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 42.7803 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Nucleus Accumbens | -40.6751 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 112.4257 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Amygdala | -17.9994 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 119.2175 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Insula | -42.4399 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 146.2034 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Anterior Cingulate Cortex | -8.8848 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 93.3926 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Response to a Stress Modulated Cue Induced Craving Task (DSNBACK) | Hippocampus | -37.1105 Percent signal change | Standard Deviation 135.3652 |
Primary
Brain Activation During Resting State MRI.
This outcome measures resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the striatum using seed-based analysis of resting-state fMRI data. FC values, expressed as Fisher z-transformed correlation coefficients, quantify the strength of synchronization between the striatum seed region and other brain areas. Positive values indicate synchronized activity, while negative values reflect anticorrelation. Altered rsFC of the striatum, a hub for reward processing, habit formation, and executive control, is linked to alcohol and nicotine use disorders and may indicate impaired regulation of cravings and heightened sensitivity to substance-related cues. Investigating rsFC patterns may identify biomarkers of addiction severity, predict treatment outcomes, and inform potential therapeutic targets.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Participants were removed from analysis due to too much motion, performing the task incorrectly, or did not perform the task during the MRI session.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Insula | 0.2297 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.139 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Middle Frontal Gyrus | -0.0501 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0996 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Lateral OFC | 0.0769 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0739 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC) | 0.0469 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0398 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Right Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex | 0.0251 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1323 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | midbrain | 0.0037 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1067 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Dorsal Anterior Insula | 0.3803 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.2124 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Amygdala | 0.1293 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1124 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Ventral Anterior Insula | 0.1541 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1739 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Anterior Insula | 0.2561 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1766 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Caudal ACC | 0.1884 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1459 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Hippocampus | 0.0391 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0998 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) | 0.1817 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.146 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Sub Callosal Cortex | 0.0224 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0582 |
| Control Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Rostral ACC | 0.1610 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1664 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Insula | 0.3139 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1958 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) | 0.1858 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1576 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Amygdala | 0.1216 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1148 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Hippocampus | 0.0746 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1068 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC) | 0.0574 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.042 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Lateral OFC | 0.1212 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0826 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Middle Frontal Gyrus | -0.0128 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1573 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Rostral ACC | 0.2674 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1721 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Caudal ACC | 0.1574 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1361 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Anterior Insula | 0.3575 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.227 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Dorsal Anterior Insula | 0.4823 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.2517 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Ventral Anterior Insula | 0.2554 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.2228 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | midbrain | 0.0390 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0987 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Right Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex | 0.0504 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1995 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Sub Callosal Cortex | 0.0673 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0489 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Dorsal Anterior Insula | 0.3249 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1984 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Rostral ACC | 0.2327 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1361 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Ventral Anterior Insula | 0.1852 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Amygdala | 0.0232 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0903 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) | 0.1729 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0973 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC) | 0.0726 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0456 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Sub Callosal Cortex | 0.1034 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0738 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Anterior Insula | 0.2477 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1456 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Hippocampus | 0.0255 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0791 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Lateral OFC | 0.0969 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0587 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Caudal ACC | 0.1598 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1027 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Insula | 0.2134 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1306 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | midbrain | 0.0380 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0903 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Middle Frontal Gyrus | 0.0393 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.058 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Right Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex | 0.0074 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0267 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Middle Frontal Gyrus | -0.0184 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0974 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | midbrain | 0.0306 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1308 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Rostral ACC | 0.1293 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1124 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Amygdala | 0.0930 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0682 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Dorsal Anterior Insula | 0.3775 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.276 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Caudal ACC | 0.1323 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1121 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Anterior Insula | 0.2817 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1945 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) | 0.1308 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0959 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Right Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex | 0.1052 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1409 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Bilateral Ventral Anterior Insula | 0.2039 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1538 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Medial Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC) | 0.0327 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0397 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Insula | 0.2386 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.1829 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Sub Callosal Cortex | 0.0495 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0533 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Lateral OFC | 0.0770 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0655 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Activation During Resting State MRI. | Hippocampus | 0.0348 correlation coefficient | Standard Deviation 0.0609 |
Primary
Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI
This outcome measures cortical thickness (millimeters) across brain regions using structural MRI. Cortical thickness reflects the integrity of gray matter and is influenced by factors such as neurodegeneration, plasticity, and development. Reductions in cortical thickness, particularly in prefrontal and limbic regions, are associated with impaired cognitive control, emotion regulation, and decision-making in substance use disorders.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Participants were removed from analysis due to too much motion, performing the task incorrectly, or did not perform the task during the MRI session.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.3994 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1024 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left supramarginal cortex | 2.6022 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1315 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right supramarginal cortex | 2.6165 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1221 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right caudal anterior cingulate | 2.4662 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1935 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left caudal anterior cingulate | 2.6111 mm | Standard Deviation 0.2171 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right inferior parietal cortex | 2.5510 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0803 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left inferior parietal cortex | 2.4885 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0862 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral anterior cingulate | 2.7960 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1675 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral anterior cingulate | 2.8013 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1454 |
| Control Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.4701 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0898 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right supramarginal cortex | 2.5694 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0666 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right caudal anterior cingulate | 2.4350 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1495 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left inferior parietal cortex | 2.4414 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0675 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left supramarginal cortex | 2.5550 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0838 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right inferior parietal cortex | 2.5175 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0953 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral anterior cingulate | 2.6618 mm | Standard Deviation 0.239 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.4315 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0752 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left caudal anterior cingulate | 2.5421 mm | Standard Deviation 0.178 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral anterior cingulate | 2.7058 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1977 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.3699 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0777 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.3740 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0794 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right inferior parietal cortex | 2.4377 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0324 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left caudal anterior cingulate | 2.5472 mm | Standard Deviation 0.2005 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left inferior parietal cortex | 2.3881 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0586 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral anterior cingulate | 2.7173 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1454 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left supramarginal cortex | 2.4669 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0656 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right caudal anterior cingulate | 2.3582 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1392 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral anterior cingulate | 2.6828 mm | Standard Deviation 0.1466 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.3103 mm | Standard Deviation 0.064 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right supramarginal cortex | 2.4713 mm | Standard Deviation 0.0701 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left inferior parietal cortex | 2.4132 mm | Standard Deviation 0.503 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right caudal anterior cingulate | 2.4452 mm | Standard Deviation 0.513 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral anterior cingulate | 2.7507 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5852 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left caudal anterior cingulate | 2.6560 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5697 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right supramarginal cortex | 2.5312 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5261 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.3443 mm | Standard Deviation 0.4864 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left supramarginal cortex | 2.5375 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5283 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral middle frontal cortex | 2.4406 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5069 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Right inferior parietal cortex | 2.4774 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5158 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain Cortical Thickness Assessed During MRI | Left rostral anterior cingulate | 2.7150 mm | Standard Deviation 0.5749 |
Primary
Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI
Fractional Anisotropy (FA) is a scalar metric derived from diffusion-weighted MRI that quantifies the degree of directional dependence (anisotropy) of water diffusion in brain white matter, with values ranging from 0 (isotropic diffusion) to 1 (maximally anisotropic diffusion). Increases in FA may reflect greater white matter organization and integrity, while decreases often indicate microstructural damage, demyelination, or axonal loss. FA measurements were averaged within predefined regions of interest (ROIs) to assess the integrity of white matter in various brain regions associated with cognitive, motor, and emotional processing. Decreased FA in tracts such as the corpus callosum or prefrontal pathways may reflect impaired communication between brain regions involved in reward processing and cognitive control in substance use disorders.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Participants were removed from analysis due to too much motion, performing the task incorrectly, or did not perform the task during the MRI session.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Minor | 0.3794 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1809 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3450 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1642 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right cingulate gyrus | 0.3758 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1789 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left cingulate gyrus | 0.3831 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1826 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3552 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1692 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3536 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1684 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Corticospinal tract | 0.3909 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.186 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Major | 0.4167 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1984 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Hippocampus | 0.3572 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1705 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3574 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1702 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3522 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1677 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3474 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1653 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3231 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1538 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3535 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1683 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Corticospinal tract | 0.3870 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1841 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Hippocampus | 0.3750 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1786 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3219 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1533 |
| Control Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3460 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1647 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3388 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1269 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3392 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1272 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Corticospinal tract | 0.3790 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1418 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right cingulate gyrus | 0.3647 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1364 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Corticospinal tract | 0.3766 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1407 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Minor | 0.3657 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1374 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left cingulate gyrus | 0.3697 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1385 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3362 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1257 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Hippocampus | 0.3677 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1377 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3338 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1251 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3337 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1247 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Hippocampus | 0.3464 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3388 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1268 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3120 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1172 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3436 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1287 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Major | 0.3996 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1497 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3389 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1269 |
| Nicotine Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3136 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1177 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right cingulate gyrus | 0.3705 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1747 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Hippocampus | 0.3493 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1649 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Hippocampus | 0.3617 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1706 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Major | 0.4030 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Minor | 0.3574 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1685 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3356 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1582 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3331 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.157 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3383 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1595 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3422 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1614 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3392 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3340 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1574 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Corticospinal tract | 0.3826 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1804 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Corticospinal tract | 0.3802 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1792 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left cingulate gyrus | 0.3662 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1726 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3408 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1607 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3104 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1464 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3148 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1484 |
| Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3399 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1603 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right cingulate gyrus | 0.3662 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1751 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3330 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1592 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Temporal Superior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3387 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.162 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3393 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1621 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3057 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1463 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3417 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1632 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus | 0.3374 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1614 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Hippocampus | 0.3635 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1737 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Uncinate fasciculus | 0.3073 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.147 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3306 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1578 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Anterior Thalamic Radiation | 0.3334 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1592 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | 0.3421 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1636 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Minor | 0.3589 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1718 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Forceps Major | 0.4044 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.193 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left cingulate gyrus | 0.3652 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1747 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Right Corticospinal tract | 0.3780 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1802 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Corticospinal tract | 0.3800 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1812 |
| Nicotine and Alcohol Group | Brain White Matter Integrity as Assessed by Fractional Anisotropy During MRI | Left Hippocampus | 0.3441 Unitless | Standard Deviation 0.1645 |