Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Conditions
Keywords
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Motor Neuron Disease, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Brief summary
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease, which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body. The disorder causes muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the body due to the degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. Current drugs approved for ALS treatment only modestly slow disease progression. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique, which has been demonstrated to modulate cerebral excitability in several neurodegenerative disorders and modulate intracortical connectivity measures. In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study, the investigators will evaluate whether a two-weeks' treatment with bilateral motor cortex anodal tDCS and spinal cathodal tDCS can improve symptoms in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and modulate intracortical connectivity, at short and long term.
Detailed description
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease, which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body. The disorder causes muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the body due to the degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. Current drugs approved for ALS treatment only modestly slow disease progression. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique, which has been demonstrated to modulate cerebral excitability in several neurodegenerative disorders and modulate intracortical connectivity measures. In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study, the investigators will evaluate whether a two-weeks' treatment with bilateral motor cortex anodal tDCS and spinal cathodal tDCS can improve symptoms in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and modulate intracortical connectivity, at short and long term. Subjects will be randomized in two groups, one receiving a 10 day (5 days/week for 2 weeks) treatment with anodal bilateral motor cortex tDCS and cathodal spinal tDCS and the other receiving sham stimulation with identical parameters. After the intervention, patients will be reassessed with a clinical and neurophysiological evaluation at 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after treatment. Furthermore, blood neurofilaments will be measured at each time point. Clinical evaluation will include the ALSFRS-R, ALSAQ-40, CBI, EQ-5D-5L, muscle strength evaluated with the MRC scale. Neurophysiological evaluation will include measures of intracortical connectivity, evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI-ICF), long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), short interval intracortical facilitation (SICF).
Interventions
10 sessions of anodal bilateral motor cortex and cathodal spinal transcranial direct current stimulation (5 days/week for 2 weeks)
10 sessions of sham bilateral motor cortex and sham spinal transcranial direct current stimulation (5 days/week for 2 weeks)
Sponsors
Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients with a diagnosis of probable, laboratory-supported probable, or definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the El Escorial revised criteria * Disease duration ≤ 24 months * Disease progression in the past 3 months * Score ≥ 2 at the item swallowing of the ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised * Score ≥ 2 at the item walking of the ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised * Treatment with steady regimen of riluzole for a minimum of 1 month before study entry, and desiring its continuation * Able to give informed consent * Written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Motor neuron diseases other than ALS * Severe head trauma in the past * History of seizures * History of ischemic stroke or hemorrhage * Pacemaker * Metal implants in the head/neck region * Severe comorbidity * Intake of illegal drugs * Pregnancy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | A megascore is obtained by summing scores of single muscles (shoulder abductors, elbow flexors and extensors, wrist flexors, thumb opponent, hip flexors, knee flexors and extensors, and ankle dorsiflexors and extensors on both sides) manually evaluated according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, which ranges from 0 (no movement) to 5 (normal contraction). The score for each muscle is summed, with scores ranging from 100 (no impairment) to 0 (most severe impairment). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | Change in the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score from baseline. The ALSFRS provides a physician-generated estimate of the patient's degree of functional impairment, which can be evaluated serially to objectively assess any response to treatment or progression of disease. The ALSFRS includes ten questions that rate the patients level of functional impairment in performing one of ten common tasks. Each task is rated on a five-point scale from 0 (can't do) to 4 (normal ability). Individual item scores are summed to produce a reported score of between 40 (no impairment) and 0 (severe impairment). |
| Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the ALSAQ-40 scale. The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ) is a patient self-report health status scale. The ALSAQ is specifically used to measure the subjective well-being of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There are 40 items/questions with 5 discrete scales: physical mobility (10 items), activities of daily living and independence (10 items), eating and drinking (3 items), communication (7 items), emotional reactions (10 items). Patients are asked to think about the difficulties they may have experienced during the last two weeks (e.g. I have found it difficult to feed myself). Patients are asked to indicate the frequency of each event by selecting one of 5 options (Likert scale): never/rarely/sometimes/often/always or cannot do at all. The total ranges from 0 (no impairment) to 160 (severe impairment). |
| Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the EQ-5D-5L scale. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems and extreme problems. The patient is asked to indicate his/her health state by ticking the box next to the most appropriate statement in each of the five dimensions. The scale ranges from 5 (no impairment) to 25 (severe impairment). |
| Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | By using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the investigators will evaluate the effects of tDCS on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) from baseline |
| Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the CBI scale. The CBI scale is 24- item scale designed to assess the experience of caregivers of older people. The multidimensional instrument assesses five domains of burden (time-dependence, developmental, physical, social, and emotional). Items are scored on a 4-point scale, ranging from not at all descriptive to very descriptive. The scale ranges from 0 (no impairment) to 96 (severe impairment). |
| Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 month - 6 months | By using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the investigators will evaluate the effects of tDCS on intracortical facilitation (ICF) from baseline |
| Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months | Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the EQ-VAS scale. The EQ VAS records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale, where the endpoints are labelled 'The best health you can imagine' and 'The worst health you can imagine'. The VAS can be used as a quantitative measure of health outcome that reflect the patient's own judgement. The scale ranges from 0 (severe impairment) to 100 (no impairment). |
Countries
Italy
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Real tDCS 10 days anodal bilateral motor cortex and cathodal spinal tDCS
Anodal bilateral motor cortex and cathodal spinal tDCS: 10 sessions of anodal bilateral motor cortex and cathodal spinal transcranial direct current stimulation (5 days/week for 2 weeks) | 20 |
| Sham tDCS 10 days sham bilateral motor cortex and sham spinal tDCS
Sham bilateral motor cortex and sham spinal tDCS: 10 sessions of sham bilateral motor cortex and sham spinal transcranial direct current stimulation (5 days/week for 2 weeks) | 10 |
| Total | 30 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up (6 Months) | Adverse Event | 4 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Real tDCS | Sham tDCS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 60.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.9 | 63.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.3 | 61.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 |
| Disease Duration | 2.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 | 1.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 | 2.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.2 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 20 Participants | 10 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Italy | 20 participants | 10 participants | 30 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 7 Participants | 2 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 13 Participants | 8 Participants | 21 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 20 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 4 / 20 | 2 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline
A megascore is obtained by summing scores of single muscles (shoulder abductors, elbow flexors and extensors, wrist flexors, thumb opponent, hip flexors, knee flexors and extensors, and ankle dorsiflexors and extensors on both sides) manually evaluated according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, which ranges from 0 (no movement) to 5 (normal contraction). The score for each muscle is summed, with scores ranging from 100 (no impairment) to 0 (most severe impairment).
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | Baseline | 74.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | 2 Weeks | 76.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | 2 Months | 76.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | 6 Months | 75.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | 6 Months | 72.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | Baseline | 74.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | 2 Months | 72.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Muscle Strength From Baseline | 2 Weeks | 74.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
p-value: =0.001ANCOVA
Secondary
Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI)
Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the CBI scale. The CBI scale is 24- item scale designed to assess the experience of caregivers of older people. The multidimensional instrument assesses five domains of burden (time-dependence, developmental, physical, social, and emotional). Items are scored on a 4-point scale, ranging from not at all descriptive to very descriptive. The scale ranges from 0 (no impairment) to 96 (severe impairment).
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | Baseline | 26.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | 2 Weeks | 21.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | 2 Months | 24.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | 6 Months | 24.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | 6 Months | 30.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | Baseline | 26.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | 2 Months | 30.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Caregiver Burden (CBI) | 2 Weeks | 30.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
p-value: 0.003ANCOVA
Secondary
Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline
By using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the investigators will evaluate the effects of tDCS on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) from baseline
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | 2 Months | 0.5 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | Baseline | 1.0 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | 2 weeks | 0.4 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Real tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | 6 Months | 0.6 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | 6 Months | 1.0 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | 2 Months | 0.9 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | 2 weeks | 1.0 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) From Baseline | Baseline | 1.0 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
p-value: 0.011ANOVA
Secondary
Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline
Change in the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score from baseline. The ALSFRS provides a physician-generated estimate of the patient's degree of functional impairment, which can be evaluated serially to objectively assess any response to treatment or progression of disease. The ALSFRS includes ten questions that rate the patients level of functional impairment in performing one of ten common tasks. Each task is rated on a five-point scale from 0 (can't do) to 4 (normal ability). Individual item scores are summed to produce a reported score of between 40 (no impairment) and 0 (severe impairment).
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | Baselin | 31.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Real tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | 2 Weeks | 32.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Real tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | 2 Months | 32.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Real tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | 6 Months | 30.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | 6 Months | 29.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | Baselin | 31.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | 2 Months | 30.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Sham tDCS | Change in the ALSFRS-R Score From Baseline | 2 Weeks | 31.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
p-value: 0.19ANCOVA
Secondary
Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline
By using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the investigators will evaluate the effects of tDCS on intracortical facilitation (ICF) from baseline
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 month - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | Baselin | 1.8 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Real tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | 2 Weeks | 1.3 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Real tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | 2 Months | 1.4 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Real tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | 6 Months | 1.6 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | 6 Months | 1.6 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | Baselin | 1.7 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | 2 Months | 1.7 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) From Baseline | 2 Weeks | 1.7 millivolts | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
p-value: 0.001ANOVA
Secondary
Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale
Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the ALSAQ-40 scale. The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ) is a patient self-report health status scale. The ALSAQ is specifically used to measure the subjective well-being of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There are 40 items/questions with 5 discrete scales: physical mobility (10 items), activities of daily living and independence (10 items), eating and drinking (3 items), communication (7 items), emotional reactions (10 items). Patients are asked to think about the difficulties they may have experienced during the last two weeks (e.g. I have found it difficult to feed myself). Patients are asked to indicate the frequency of each event by selecting one of 5 options (Likert scale): never/rarely/sometimes/often/always or cannot do at all. The total ranges from 0 (no impairment) to 160 (severe impairment).
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | Baseline | 45.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | 2 Months | 38.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | 2 Weeks | 40.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | 6 Months | 41.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | 2 Weeks | 38.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | Baseline | 45.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | 6 Months | 42.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: ALSAQ-40 Scale | 2 Months | 41.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
p-value: 0.652ANCOVA
Secondary
Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale
Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the EQ-5D-5L scale. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems and extreme problems. The patient is asked to indicate his/her health state by ticking the box next to the most appropriate statement in each of the five dimensions. The scale ranges from 5 (no impairment) to 25 (severe impairment).
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | Baseline | 13.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | 2 Months | 12.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | 2 Weeks | 12.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | 6 Months | 13.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | 2 Weeks | 13.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | Baseline | 13.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | 6 Months | 14.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-5D-5L Scale | 2 Months | 14.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
p-value: 0.19ANCOVA
Secondary
Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale
Change of quality of life from baseline evaluated with the EQ-VAS scale. The EQ VAS records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale, where the endpoints are labelled 'The best health you can imagine' and 'The worst health you can imagine'. The VAS can be used as a quantitative measure of health outcome that reflect the patient's own judgement. The scale ranges from 0 (severe impairment) to 100 (no impairment).
Time frame: Baseline - 2 weeks - 2 months - 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | 6 Months | 54.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | 2 Months | 53.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | 2 Weeks | 56.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Real tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | Baseline | 51.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | 6 Months | 40.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | Baseline | 51.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | 2 Weeks | 46.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Sham tDCS | Change of Quality of Life From Baseline: EQ-VAS Scale | 2 Months | 42.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
p-value: 0.011ANCOVA