Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Conditions
Brief summary
The investigators will conduct a comparative effectiveness cluster-randomized controlled trial (cRCT) of two Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle interventions: a faith-based intervention (Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance \[WORD\] DPP); and a Pacific Islander adapted intervention (Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Interventions \[PILI\] DPP. Each intervention lasted 24 weeks and focused on the importance of healthy eating, being physically active, and maintaining a healthy weight. Eligible participants included overweight and obese Marshallese adults living in Arkansas and Oklahoma. The unit of randomization is at the church level. The primary outcome measure is body weight loss (from baseline weight). As selected by stakeholders, HbA1c, blood pressure, physical activity, and dietary intake will be evaluated as secondary outcome measures. Data collection will take place at baseline (pre-intervention), immediate post-intervention (6 months post-initiation of the intervention), and 6 months post-intervention (12 months post-initiation of the intervention).
Detailed description
Background and Rationale Disparities in type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, and obesity among the Marshallese and Pacific Islanders. The Marshallese are a Pacific Islander population experiencing significant health disparities, with some of the highest documented rates of type 2 diabetes of any population group in the world. Our review of local, national, and international data sources found estimates of diabetes in the Marshallese population (those living in the US and in the Republic of the Marshall Islands) ranging from 20% to 50%, compared to 8.3% for the US population and 4% worldwide. While national prevalence data are limited, 23.7% of Pacific Islanders surveyed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2010 reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, more than all other racial/ethnic groups. Our pilot research, which includes health screenings with the Marshallese community in northwest Arkansas (n=398), documented extremely high incidence of diabetes (38.4%) and pre-diabetes (32.6%). Our pilot data also revealed similar disparities in one of the strongest risk factors for diabetes-obesity-with 90% of Marshallese participants classified as overweight or obese. Thirty-two percent of those who had pre-diabetes were also overweight or obese. Further compounding these significant disparities in diabetes prevalence and related risk factors, research indicates that Pacific Islanders living in the US are less likely than other racial/ethnic groups to receive preventative or diagnostic treatment, or diabetes education. Reducing disparities by reducing weight. Overweight/obesity is considered the strongest modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and even a modest reduction in weight (5-10%) can be clinically meaningful. Specific aim. Our aim is to compare the effectiveness of achieving weight loss between two Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Lifestyle Interventions - the faith-based Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance (WORD) DPP, and the Pacific Islander culturally-adapted Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Interventions (PILI) DPP - in the Marshallese population using a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT). Study design. The study design is a comparative effectiveness cRCT conducted in church settings or other community setting convenient to the participant group. Churches were selected as the primary setting based on Marshallese stakeholder input. Randomized participant assignment. Randomization will occur at the church cluster level, with 1:1 assignment of churches to each arm. Churches and community based participant groups will be blocked (i.e., grouped into similar units) according to geographic region and approximate number of adult church members. Randomization will be conducted by a biostatistician or designated investigator, who will have no interactions with potential participants and has no supervisory role with study staff responsible for recruiting, consent, and intervention process. Recruitment and Consent Church-based recruitment is specified by stakeholders as culturally appropriate and the community's preferred recruitment method. During recruitment, Marshallese study staff will give presentations and distribute study information in English and Marshallese. Those who express interest will complete an eligibility screener, to determine eligibility. All study information and consent materials will be provided in English and/or Marshallese based upon the participants' preferences. Eligible participants will be provided a copy of the consent to review, and participants will have the opportunity to ask questions, consent, and enroll in the study. The consent process will include providing information to the potential participants and the opportunity to have bilingual Marshallese staff answer questions regarding study participation. The consent document will be given to the participant, and the informed consent process will be documented in the participant's research record.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALWholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program
Faith based diabetes curriculum that teaches participants to connect faith and health.
BEHAVIORALPartnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program
Family and community based diabetes prevention curriculum that teaches participants to engage their social support to have a healthy weight.
Sponsors
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
University of Arkansas
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Comparison of two diabetes prevention program curricula in the Marshallese population.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Self reported Marshallese * 18 years of age or older * BMI greater than or equal to 25
Exclusion criteria
* A clinically significant medical condition likely to impact weight (cancer, HIV/AIDS, etc.) * Currently pregnant or breastfeeding an infant who is 6 months old or younger * Have any condition that makes it unlikely that the participant will be able to follow the protocol, such as terminal illness, plans to move out of the area within 6 months, an inability to finish the intervention, etc.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in mean body weight (kg) from baseline to immediate post intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Participant weight (without shoes) was measured in light clothing using a calibrated digital scale at each time point. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Blood pressure was measured at each time point with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope or digital blood pressure device, with participants seated and arm elevated. |
| Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in participants' sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This self-report measure assessed participants' SSB consumption over the past 30 days using two questions from 'Module 14: Sugar Sweetened Beverages' of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Participants could respond in number of times per day, per week, or per month. Responses for each question were converted to number of times per day (i.e., self-reported times per week divided by 7 or self-reported times per month divided by 30), resulting in two measures: number times soda was consumed per day and number of times sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, sweet tea, and sports drinks were consumed per day. Per BRFSS guidelines, these two measures were added together to create a total daily SSB consumption rate. |
| Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in participants' fruit and vegetable consumption from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This self-report measure assessed participants' fruit and vegetable consumption over the past three months using three items adapted from: Shannon J, Kristal AR, Curry SJ, Beresford SA. Application of a behavioral approach to measuring dietary change: the fat- and fiber-related diet behavior questionnaire. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(5):355-361. Each of the three items was scored as Often=2; Sometimes=1; Never=0. Items were summed to create a scale score, giving a possible range of scores of 0-6, with higher scores indicating more frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. |
| Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in proportion of participants engaging in sufficient levels of physical activity (PA) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This measure assessed participants' frequency of engaging in both moderate and vigorous PA over the past month (\>4 times a week, 2-4 times a week, about once a week, etc.). This measure was adapted to include relevant cultural examples of PA from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension 2 Brief Physical Activity Questionnaire (https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/media/studies/dashsodium/Forms\_Manual.pdf?link\_time=2018-11-13\_18:06:05.776099). Both items used a 4-point response scale: 1) Rarely or Never; 2) Once a week; 3) 2-4 times a week; and 4) More than 4 times a week. Each 4-point scale for moderate PA and vigorous PA was weighted: 0=Rarely or Never; 1=Once a week; 2=2-4 times a week; and 4=More than 4 times a week. The weights were then summed and dichotomized as follows: ≥4 = sufficient PA and \<4 = insufficient PA. |
| Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Blood pressure was measured at each time point with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope or digital blood pressure device, with participants seated and arm elevated. |
| Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in mean HbA1c (NGSP %) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. A Siemens analyzer (point of care) was utilized to calculate HbA1c levels for each participant at each time point. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | Baseline, Immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in perceived family support for exercise and dietary habits from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This self-report measure was adapted to examine changes in perceived family support for engaging in healthy exercise and dietary habits. This measure consists of a 6-item scale adapted from: Gruber KJ. Social support for exercise and dietary habits among college students. Adolescence. 2008;43(171):557-575. Each of the 6 items are measured via 3 response options (Often=2; Sometimes=1; and Never=0), giving a possible range of scores of 0-12, with higher scores indicating higher perceived family support for exercising and eating healthier. |
| Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | Baseline, Immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in eating habits self-efficacy from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention (12 months post-initiation of the intervention). This self-report measure assessed participants' self-efficacy related to their ability to make healthy eating decisions in the face of real or perceived barriers (e.g. while at social events, while watching television, etc.). This 7-item measure was adapted from items in the original Weight Efficacy Life-Style (WEL) Questionnaire (Clark MM, Abrams DB, Niaura RS, et al. Self-efficacy in weight management. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59(5):739-744). Each of the 7 items are measured via 3 response options (Yes/Completely Sure=2; Maybe/Not Sure=1; and No/Not Sure at All=0), giving a possible range of scores of 0-14, with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy for making healthy eating decisions in spite of barriers. |
| Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | Baseline, Immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention | Change in physical activity self-efficacy from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention (12 months post-initiation of the intervention). This self-report measure assessed participants' self-efficacy for exercising in the face of real or perceived barriers (e.g., bad weather, exercising alone, etc.). This 9-item measure was adapted from the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale (Resnick B, Jenkins LS. Testing the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale. Nurs Res. 2000;49(3):154-159. & Resnick B, Luisi D, Vogel A, Junaleepa P. Reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise and Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scales with minority older adults. J Nurs Measurement. 2004; 12(3):235-247.) Each of the 9 items are measured via 3 response options (Yes/Completely Sure=2; Maybe/Not Sure=1; and No/Not Sure at All=0), giving a possible range of scores of 0-18, with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program The Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program (WORD DPP) is a faith-based diabetes prevention curriculum that teaches participants to connect faith and health to have a healthy weight, eat healthy, and be physically active. The WORD DPP includes 16 modules that are intended to be delivered over a 24 week period, each module approximately 90 minutes in length. The first 8 modules are intended to be delivered weekly. The last 8 modules are intended to be delivered every other week. Participants in the WORD DPP will be encouraged to maintain a daily weight, nutrition, physical activity and prayer log.
WORD DPP: Faith based diabetes curriculum that teaches participants to connect faith and health. | 212 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program The Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program (PILI DPP) is a family and community based diabetes prevention curriculum that teaches participants to engage their social support (family and community) to have a healthy weight, eat healthy, and be physically active. The PILI DPP includes 14 modules that are intended to be delivered over a 24 week period and each module approximately 90 minutes in length. The first 4 modules are intended to be delivered weekly. The last 10 modules are intended to be delivered every other week. Participants will be encouraged to track their weight, physical activity, and their nutrition in a log on a daily basis.
PILI DPP: Family and community based diabetes prevention curriculum that teaches participants to engage their social support to have a healthy weight. | 166 |
| Total | 378 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 42.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.6 | 41.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.8 | 42.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.6 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 212 Participants | 166 Participants | 378 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 212 participants | 166 participants | 378 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 117 Participants | 97 Participants | 214 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 95 Participants | 69 Participants | 164 Participants |
| Weight (kg) | 85.4 kg STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.6 | 83.4 kg STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.3 | 84.4 kg STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.1 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 213 | 0 / 167 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 213 | 0 / 167 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 213 | 0 / 167 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Mean Body Weight (kg)
Change in mean body weight (kg) from baseline to immediate post intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Participant weight (without shoes) was measured in light clothing using a calibrated digital scale at each time point.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | Baseline | 86.44 Kilograms | Standard Error 1.65 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | Immediate post-intervention | 86.47 Kilograms | Standard Error 1.72 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | 6 months post-intervention | 86.18 Kilograms | Standard Error 1.84 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | Baseline | 84.32 Kilograms | Standard Error 1.8 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | Immediate post-intervention | 84.40 Kilograms | Standard Error 1.97 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Body Weight (kg) | 6 months post-intervention | 83.80 Kilograms | Standard Error 2.1 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.3599linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.3207linear mixed effects regression
Secondary
Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Change in participants' fruit and vegetable consumption from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This self-report measure assessed participants' fruit and vegetable consumption over the past three months using three items adapted from: Shannon J, Kristal AR, Curry SJ, Beresford SA. Application of a behavioral approach to measuring dietary change: the fat- and fiber-related diet behavior questionnaire. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(5):355-361. Each of the three items was scored as Often=2; Sometimes=1; Never=0. Items were summed to create a scale score, giving a possible range of scores of 0-6, with higher scores indicating more frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Baseline | 3.59 scale score | Standard Error 0.15 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Immediate post-intervention | 3.94 scale score | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | 6 months post-intervention | 4.10 scale score | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Baseline | 3.70 scale score | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Immediate post-intervention | 3.72 scale score | Standard Error 0.18 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | 6 months post-intervention | 3.80 scale score | Standard Error 0.18 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.296linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.1519linear mixed effects regression
Secondary
Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Change in mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Blood pressure was measured at each time point with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope or digital blood pressure device, with participants seated and arm elevated.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 79.60 mmHg | Standard Error 1.12 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Immediate post-intervention | 78.50 mmHg | Standard Error 1.19 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 6 months post-intervention | 76.41 mmHg | Standard Error 1.29 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 78.33 mmHg | Standard Error 1.22 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Immediate post-intervention | 74.08 mmHg | Standard Error 1.38 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 6 months post-intervention | 76.24 mmHg | Standard Error 1.49 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.0068linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.9181linear mixed effects regression
Secondary
Change in Mean HbA1c (%)
Change in mean HbA1c (NGSP %) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. A Siemens analyzer (point of care) was utilized to calculate HbA1c levels for each participant at each time point.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | Baseline | 7.27 Percent Glycated Hemoglobin | Standard Error 0.3 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | Immediate post-intervention | 7.32 Percent Glycated Hemoglobin | Standard Error 0.31 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | 6 months post-intervention | 7.25 Percent Glycated Hemoglobin | Standard Error 0.33 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | Baseline | 7.66 Percent Glycated Hemoglobin | Standard Error 0.33 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | Immediate post-intervention | 7.55 Percent Glycated Hemoglobin | Standard Error 0.36 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean HbA1c (%) | 6 months post-intervention | 7.61 Percent Glycated Hemoglobin | Standard Error 0.38 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.5698linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.4106linear mixed effects regression
Secondary
Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Change in mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Blood pressure was measured at each time point with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope or digital blood pressure device, with participants seated and arm elevated.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 129.42 mmHg | Standard Error 2.39 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Immediate post-intervention | 126.83 mmHg | Standard Error 2.47 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 6 months post-intervention | 120.75 mmHg | Standard Error 2.61 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 6 months post-intervention | 118.30 mmHg | Standard Error 2.96 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 128.20 mmHg | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Immediate post-intervention | 119.65 mmHg | Standard Error 2.82 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.0293linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.4686linear mixed effects regression
Secondary
Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity
Change in proportion of participants engaging in sufficient levels of physical activity (PA) from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This measure assessed participants' frequency of engaging in both moderate and vigorous PA over the past month (\>4 times a week, 2-4 times a week, about once a week, etc.). This measure was adapted to include relevant cultural examples of PA from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension 2 Brief Physical Activity Questionnaire (https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/media/studies/dashsodium/Forms\_Manual.pdf?link\_time=2018-11-13\_18:06:05.776099). Both items used a 4-point response scale: 1) Rarely or Never; 2) Once a week; 3) 2-4 times a week; and 4) More than 4 times a week. Each 4-point scale for moderate PA and vigorous PA was weighted: 0=Rarely or Never; 1=Once a week; 2=2-4 times a week; and 4=More than 4 times a week. The weights were then summed and dichotomized as follows: ≥4 = sufficient PA and \<4 = insufficient PA.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
Population: Analysis includes only those with data on the relevant outcome.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | Baseline | 112 Participants |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | Immediate post-intervention | 108 Participants |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | 6 months post-intervention | 99 Participants |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | Baseline | 78 Participants |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | Immediate post-intervention | 63 Participants |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Proportion of Participants Engaging in Sufficient Levels of Physical Activity | 6 months post-intervention | 65 Participants |
Comparison: Adjusted repeated measures generalized estimating equations (GEE) model.p-value: 0.2824Mantel Haenszel
Comparison: Adjusted repeated measures generalized estimating equations (GEE) model.p-value: 0.7547Mantel Haenszel
Secondary
Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption
Change in participants' sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This self-report measure assessed participants' SSB consumption over the past 30 days using two questions from 'Module 14: Sugar Sweetened Beverages' of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Participants could respond in number of times per day, per week, or per month. Responses for each question were converted to number of times per day (i.e., self-reported times per week divided by 7 or self-reported times per month divided by 30), resulting in two measures: number times soda was consumed per day and number of times sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, sweet tea, and sports drinks were consumed per day. Per BRFSS guidelines, these two measures were added together to create a total daily SSB consumption rate.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | Baseline | 1.65 SSBs consumed per day | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | Immediate post-intervention | 1.24 SSBs consumed per day | Standard Error 0.17 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | 6 months post-intervention | 1.18 SSBs consumed per day | Standard Error 0.17 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | Baseline | 2.16 SSBs consumed per day | Standard Error 0.17 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | Immediate post-intervention | 1.36 SSBs consumed per day | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption | 6 months post-intervention | 1.40 SSBs consumed per day | Standard Error 0.2 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.5984linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.3376linear mixed effects regression
Other Pre-specified
Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score
Change in eating habits self-efficacy from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention (12 months post-initiation of the intervention). This self-report measure assessed participants' self-efficacy related to their ability to make healthy eating decisions in the face of real or perceived barriers (e.g. while at social events, while watching television, etc.). This 7-item measure was adapted from items in the original Weight Efficacy Life-Style (WEL) Questionnaire (Clark MM, Abrams DB, Niaura RS, et al. Self-efficacy in weight management. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59(5):739-744). Each of the 7 items are measured via 3 response options (Yes/Completely Sure=2; Maybe/Not Sure=1; and No/Not Sure at All=0), giving a possible range of scores of 0-14, with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy for making healthy eating decisions in spite of barriers.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | Baseline | 10.97 scale score | Standard Error 0.26 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | Immediate post-intervention | 11.77 scale score | Standard Error 0.28 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | 6 months post-intervention | 11.87 scale score | Standard Error 0.28 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | Baseline | 11.46 scale score | Standard Error 0.28 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | Immediate post-intervention | 11.92 scale score | Standard Error 0.33 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Eating Habits Self-efficacy Score | 6 months post-intervention | 11.62 scale score | Standard Error 0.32 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.6928linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.4947linear mixed effects regression
Other Pre-specified
Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits
Change in perceived family support for exercise and dietary habits from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention. This self-report measure was adapted to examine changes in perceived family support for engaging in healthy exercise and dietary habits. This measure consists of a 6-item scale adapted from: Gruber KJ. Social support for exercise and dietary habits among college students. Adolescence. 2008;43(171):557-575. Each of the 6 items are measured via 3 response options (Often=2; Sometimes=1; and Never=0), giving a possible range of scores of 0-12, with higher scores indicating higher perceived family support for exercising and eating healthier.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | Baseline | 4.99 scale score | Standard Error 0.25 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | Immediate post-intervention | 6.66 scale score | Standard Error 0.27 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | 6 months post-intervention | 6.48 scale score | Standard Error 0.27 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | Baseline | 5.50 scale score | Standard Error 0.27 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | Immediate post-intervention | 6.38 scale score | Standard Error 0.31 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Perceived Family Support for Exercise and Dietary Habits | 6 months post-intervention | 6.46 scale score | Standard Error 0.31 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.4322linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.9529linear mixed effects regression
Other Pre-specified
Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy
Change in physical activity self-efficacy from baseline to immediate post-intervention and 6 months post-intervention (12 months post-initiation of the intervention). This self-report measure assessed participants' self-efficacy for exercising in the face of real or perceived barriers (e.g., bad weather, exercising alone, etc.). This 9-item measure was adapted from the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale (Resnick B, Jenkins LS. Testing the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale. Nurs Res. 2000;49(3):154-159. & Resnick B, Luisi D, Vogel A, Junaleepa P. Reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise and Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scales with minority older adults. J Nurs Measurement. 2004; 12(3):235-247.) Each of the 9 items are measured via 3 response options (Yes/Completely Sure=2; Maybe/Not Sure=1; and No/Not Sure at All=0), giving a possible range of scores of 0-18, with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | Baseline | 13.64 scale score | Standard Error 0.41 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | Immediate post-intervention | 13.87 scale score | Standard Error 0.44 |
| Wholeness, Oneness, Righteousness, Deliverance Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | 6 months post-intervention | 14.34 scale score | Standard Error 0.44 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | Baseline | 14.24 scale score | Standard Error 0.45 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | Immediate post-intervention | 14.72 scale score | Standard Error 0.51 |
| Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Intervention Diabetes Prevention Program | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | 6 months post-intervention | 13.57 scale score | Standard Error 0.5 |
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.1539linear mixed effects regression
Comparison: Repeated measures regression model used all available participant data (no listwise deletion).p-value: 0.1878linear mixed effects regression