Post-bariatric Hypoglycemia
Conditions
Brief summary
To assess the efficacy of a closed loop glucagon system to prevent and treat hypoglycemia occurring in patients with Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia (PBH) in response to meals and exercise.
Detailed description
A control system for sensor-guided delivery was previously developed and tested in a Proof-of-Concept (POC) study in a clinical research setting during 9 mixed meal tolerance tests in 8 unique patients with severe hypoglycemia following bariatric surgery. This optimized algorithm will now be implemented to deliver stable glucagon in a closed-loop system. A randomized, placebo-controlled, masked trial will be conducted to assess the efficacy of the closed loop system to prevent and treat hypoglycemia occurring in patients with PBH in response to meals (part 1). Part 2 will test whether the closed loop system can also prevent and treat hypoglycemia in patients with PBH in response to exercise. A manufacturing program from our collaborating team at Xeris Pharmaceuticals will continue to produce supplies of glucagon for the clinical trial in a current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) facility, with continued shelf-life stability testing.
Interventions
DRUGglucagon
novel, stable non-aqueous glucagon formulation provided by Xeris Pharmaceuticals
DEVICEClosed loop glucagon pump
a novel closed-loop glucagon system (CLG) incorporating a novel, stable non-aqueous glucagon formulation together with an infusion pump system (Omnipod) guided by real-time continuous glucose monitoring (Dexcom) that is triggered by a hypoglycemia alert algorithm.
Sponsors
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
Harvard University
Joslin Diabetes Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Study medication will be provided in vials which are labeled with randomization information only but not contents of vial.
Intervention model description
A randomization scheme will be devised to assign half the subjects to receive glucagon during their first challenge visit and the other half to receive vehicle during their first challenge visit. At their second challenge subjects will be assigned to the product not received during their first challenge. The label will include a subject randomization number and information as to which vial should be administered during the first challenge and which should be administered during the second challenge.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Males or females diagnosed with ongoing post-bariatric hypoglycemia with prior episodes of neuroglycopenia, unresponsive to dietary intervention (low glycemic index, controlled carbohydrate portions) and trial of acarbose therapy at the maximally tolerated dose. 2. Age 18-65 years of age, inclusive, at screening. 3. Willingness to provide informed consent and follow all study procedures, including attending all scheduled visits.
Exclusion criteria
1. Documented hypoglycemia occurring in the fasting state (\> 12 hours fast); 2. Chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5 (including end-stage renal disease); 3. Hepatic disease, including serum alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) greater than or equal to 3 times the upper limit of normal; hepatic synthetic insufficiency as defined as serum albumin \< 3.0 g/dL; or serum bilirubin \> 2.0; 4. Congestive heart failure, New York Heart Association (NYHA )class II, III or IV; 5. History of myocardial infarction, unstable angina or revascularization within the past 6 months or 2 or more risk factors for coronary artery disease including diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperlipidemia, and active tobacco use; 6. History of cardiac arrhythmia or arrhythmia detected by EKG during the screening visit; 7. History of syncope (unrelated to hypoglycemia) or diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia 8. Concurrent administration of β-blocker therapy; 9. History of a cerebrovascular accident; 10. Seizure disorder (other than with suspect or documented hypoglycemia); 11. Active treatment with any diabetes medications except for acarbose; 12. Active malignancy, except basal cell or squamous cell skin cancers; 13. Personal or family history of pheochromocytoma or disorder with increased risk of pheochromocytoma (MEN 2, neurofibromatosis, or Von Hippel-Lindau disease); 14. Known insulinoma or glucagonoma; 15. Major surgical operation within 30 days prior to screening; 16. Hematocrit \< 33%; 17. Bleeding disorder, treatment with warfarin, or platelet count \<50,000; 18. Blood donation (1 pint of whole blood) within the past 2 months; 19. Active alcohol abuse or substance abuse; 20. Current administration of oral or parenteral corticosteroids; 21. Pregnancy and/ or Lactation: For women of childbearing potential: there is a requirement for a negative urine pregnancy test and for agreement to use contraception during the study and for at least 1 month after participating in the study. Acceptable contraception includes birth control pill / patch / vaginal ring, Depo-Provera, Norplant, an intrauterine device (IUD), the double barrier method (the woman uses a diaphragm and spermicide and the man uses a condom), or abstinence; 22. Use of an investigational drug within 30 days prior to screening; 23. Current use of anticholinergic medications; 24. Allergy to a component of the study drug.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <65 mg/dL | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | A primary endpoint for this study is the prevention of meal provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below \<65 mg/dl, comparing study drug to control. |
| Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <65 mg/dL | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | A primary endpoint for this study is prevention of meal provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below \<65 mg/dl, comparing study drug to control |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia Rescue Administered | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Protocol-specified rescue delivery of IV glucose was performed if plasma glucose \<55 mg/dL and/or significant neuroglycopenia developed. |
| Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <60 mg/dL | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below \<60 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control |
| Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <55 mg/dL | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below \<55 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control |
| Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <55 mg/dL | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below \<55 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control |
| Percent Time Plasma Glucose in Range After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for percent time plasma glucose in range (180-65mg/dL) after the final dose, which was either 1 or 2 doses depending on patient response |
| Percent Time Sensor Glucose in Range After Drug Delivery After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for percent time sensor glucose in range (180-65mg/dL) after the final dose, which was either 1 or 2 doses depending on patient response |
| Meal Provoked Nadir Plasma Glucose | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Nadir plasma glucose (mg/dl) during meal testing, comparing vehicle to control |
| Meal Provoked Nadir Sensor Glucose | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Nadir sensor glucose (mg/dl) during meal testing, comparing vehicle to control |
| Time to Nadir Plasma Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | — |
| Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <60 mg/dL | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below \<60 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control |
| Time to Alarm During Mixed Meal Testing (Minutes) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Time to alarm represents the time for the first alarm to occur during mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. |
| Time to Delivery (Min) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | Time to delivery (min) of study drug during mixed meal testing |
| Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | This is the sensor glucose at which time the first alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. |
| Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | This is the capillary glucose at which time the first alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. |
| Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | This is the sensor glucose at which time the second alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. |
| Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | This is the capillary glucose at which time the second alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. |
| Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing First Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo). | The two study visits where participants were administered either study drug or placebo took place over 2 weeks (there was a 1 to 2 week washout period between visits). | Pain score was assessed verbally, 1 is the least pain (none), 10 is the most severe pain. Pain score at the time of the first administration was compared for the visit where the participant received the study drug vs. the visit where the participant received the placebo. A participant could receive 2 doses of the study drug or placebo at each visit. All 12 participants completed both the study drug phase and the placebo phase. The pain scores for the first administration of study drug vs. first administration of placebo for these two visits were compared. Whether the participant was assigned to the study drug glucagon (vs. placebo) at the first or second MMTT was determined by randomization. |
| Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing Second Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo). | The two study visits where participants were administered either study drug or placebo took place over 2 weeks (there was a 1 to 2 week washout period between visits). | Pain score was assessed verbally, 1 is the least pain (none), 10 is the most severe pain. Pain score at the time of the second administration was compared for the visit where the participant received the study drug vs. the visit where the participant received the placebo. A participant could receive 2 doses of the study drug or placebo at each visit. All 12 participants completed both the study drug phase and the placebo phase. The pain scores from the second administration of study drug vs. second administration of placebo for these two visits were compared. Whether the participant was assigned to the study drug glucagon (vs. placebo) at the first or second MMTT was determined by randomization. |
| Time to Nadir Sensor Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min) | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first. | — |
| Number of Participants With Rebound Hyperglycemia (Defined as Glucose Levels Above 180 mg/dl). | Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge will be conducted within two weeks of the first. | Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for prevention of rebound hyperglycemia (defined as glucose levels above 180 mg/dl). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) with neuroglycopenia, uncontrolled on medical nutrition therapy and medications, were recruited from the Joslin Diabetes Center hypoglycemia clinic and other endocrine clinics in the region.
Pre-assignment details
Between September 2017 and August 2018, 23 individuals were screened and 18 enrolled (consort diagram, Fig. 2). Two participants withdrew before the first mixed-meal study visit because of inability to obtain adequate intravenous access.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Treatment Arm / Control Arm (Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Design) Each subject will have two mixed meal tolerance tests performed. Each will be randomized to receive either glucagon or matched placebo during the first testing session. The opposite treatment will be given during the second testing session. Both participants and the study team will be blinded to the intervention being used during each session.
glucagon: novel, stable non-aqueous glucagon formulation provided by Xeris Pharmaceuticals
Closed loop glucagon pump: a novel closed-loop glucagon system (CLG) incorporating a novel, stable non-aqueous glucagon formulation together with an infusion pump system (Omnipod) guided by real-time continuous glucose monitoring (Dexcom) that is triggered by a hypoglycemia alert algorithm. | 12 |
| Total | 12 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | did not experience hypoglycemia | 2 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Treatment Arm / Control Arm (Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Design) |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 52 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 |
| BMI | 27.6 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants |
| HbA1c | 5.3 percent STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.1 |
| On any anti-hypoglycemic medications | 10 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 1 Participants |
| Treated with acarbose | 5 Participants |
| Treated with diazoxide | 4 Participants |
| Treated with octreotide | 3 Participants |
| Treated with pramlintide | 2 Participants |
| Years from surgery to neuroglycopenia | 2.2 years |
| Years since surgery | 8.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 18 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 16 / 18 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 18 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <65 mg/dL
A primary endpoint for this study is prevention of meal provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below \<65 mg/dl, comparing study drug to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
Population: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <65 mg/dL | 1 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <65 mg/dL | 4 Participants |
p-value: 0.18McNemar
Primary
Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <65 mg/dL
A primary endpoint for this study is the prevention of meal provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below \<65 mg/dl, comparing study drug to control.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
Population: 12 Enrolled Participants Completed 2 Mixed-Meal Study Visits and Were Included in the Analysis
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <65 mg/dL | 1 participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <65 mg/dL | 5 participants |
p-value: 0.103McNemar
Secondary
Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
This is the capillary glucose at which time the first alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 98.1 mg/dL | Standard Error 7.3 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 109 mg/dL | Standard Error 5.75 |
p-value: 0.183Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
This is the capillary glucose at which time the second alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 94.2 mg/dL | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 91.7 mg/dL | Standard Error 8.62 |
p-value: 0.789Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Meal Provoked Nadir Plasma Glucose
Nadir plasma glucose (mg/dl) during meal testing, comparing vehicle to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Meal Provoked Nadir Plasma Glucose | 67.4 mg/dL | Standard Error 2.7 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Meal Provoked Nadir Plasma Glucose | 58.5 mg/dL | Standard Error 1.87 |
p-value: 0.004Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Meal Provoked Nadir Sensor Glucose
Nadir sensor glucose (mg/dl) during meal testing, comparing vehicle to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Meal Provoked Nadir Sensor Glucose | 72.7 mg/dL | Standard Error 2.21 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Meal Provoked Nadir Sensor Glucose | 65.3 mg/dL | Standard Error 1.85 |
p-value: 0.059Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia Rescue Administered
Protocol-specified rescue delivery of IV glucose was performed if plasma glucose \<55 mg/dL and/or significant neuroglycopenia developed.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia Rescue Administered | 0 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia Rescue Administered | 7 Participants |
p-value: 0.008McNemar
Secondary
Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <55 mg/dL
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below \<55 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <55 mg/dL | 0 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <55 mg/dL | 5 Participants |
p-value: 0.025McNemar
Secondary
Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <60 mg/dL
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below \<60 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <60 mg/dL | 0 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <60 mg/dL | 3 Participants |
p-value: 0.083McNemar
Secondary
Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <55 mg/dL
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below \<55 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <55 mg/dL | 0 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <55 mg/dL | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <60 mg/dL
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below \<60 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <60 mg/dL | 1 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <60 mg/dL | 3 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Rebound Hyperglycemia (Defined as Glucose Levels Above 180 mg/dl).
Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for prevention of rebound hyperglycemia (defined as glucose levels above 180 mg/dl).
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge will be conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Number of Participants With Rebound Hyperglycemia (Defined as Glucose Levels Above 180 mg/dl). | 0 Participants |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Number of Participants With Rebound Hyperglycemia (Defined as Glucose Levels Above 180 mg/dl). | 0 Participants |
p-value: 0.317McNemar
Secondary
Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing First Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo).
Pain score was assessed verbally, 1 is the least pain (none), 10 is the most severe pain. Pain score at the time of the first administration was compared for the visit where the participant received the study drug vs. the visit where the participant received the placebo. A participant could receive 2 doses of the study drug or placebo at each visit. All 12 participants completed both the study drug phase and the placebo phase. The pain scores for the first administration of study drug vs. first administration of placebo for these two visits were compared. Whether the participant was assigned to the study drug glucagon (vs. placebo) at the first or second MMTT was determined by randomization.
Time frame: The two study visits where participants were administered either study drug or placebo took place over 2 weeks (there was a 1 to 2 week washout period between visits).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing First Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo). | 4.00 pain score | Standard Error 0.685 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing First Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo). | 3.83 pain score | Standard Error 0.815 |
p-value: 0.865McNemar
Secondary
Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing Second Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo).
Pain score was assessed verbally, 1 is the least pain (none), 10 is the most severe pain. Pain score at the time of the second administration was compared for the visit where the participant received the study drug vs. the visit where the participant received the placebo. A participant could receive 2 doses of the study drug or placebo at each visit. All 12 participants completed both the study drug phase and the placebo phase. The pain scores from the second administration of study drug vs. second administration of placebo for these two visits were compared. Whether the participant was assigned to the study drug glucagon (vs. placebo) at the first or second MMTT was determined by randomization.
Time frame: The two study visits where participants were administered either study drug or placebo took place over 2 weeks (there was a 1 to 2 week washout period between visits).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing Second Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo). | 1.14 pain score | Standard Error 0.615 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing Second Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo). | 1.31 pain score | Standard Error 0.671 |
p-value: 0.875McNemar
Secondary
Percent Time Plasma Glucose in Range After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response
Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for percent time plasma glucose in range (180-65mg/dL) after the final dose, which was either 1 or 2 doses depending on patient response
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Percent Time Plasma Glucose in Range After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response | 0.852 percentage of time | Standard Error 0.082 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Percent Time Plasma Glucose in Range After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response | 0.645 percentage of time | Standard Error 0.074 |
p-value: 0.049Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Percent Time Sensor Glucose in Range After Drug Delivery After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response
Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for percent time sensor glucose in range (180-65mg/dL) after the final dose, which was either 1 or 2 doses depending on patient response
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Percent Time Sensor Glucose in Range After Drug Delivery After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response | 0.987 percentage of time | Standard Error 0.013 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Percent Time Sensor Glucose in Range After Drug Delivery After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response | 0.815 percentage of time | Standard Error 0.077 |
p-value: 0.056Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
This is the sensor glucose at which time the first alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 134 mg/dL | Standard Error 5.93 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 139 mg/dL | Standard Error 4.92 |
p-value: 0.611Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
This is the sensor glucose at which time the second alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 85.7 mg/dL | Standard Error 4.96 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL) | 70.1 mg/dL | Standard Error 2.26 |
p-value: 0.009Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Time to Alarm During Mixed Meal Testing (Minutes)
Time to alarm represents the time for the first alarm to occur during mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose \< 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm.
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Time to Alarm During Mixed Meal Testing (Minutes) | 89.9 minutes | Standard Error 3.9 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Time to Alarm During Mixed Meal Testing (Minutes) | 87.7 minutes | Standard Error 4.9975 |
p-value: 0.659Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Time to Delivery (Min)
Time to delivery (min) of study drug during mixed meal testing
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Time to Delivery (Min) | 94 minutes | Standard Error 5.52 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Time to Delivery (Min) | 89.3 minutes | Standard Error 5.33 |
p-value: 0.406Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Time to Nadir Plasma Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min)
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Time to Nadir Plasma Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min) | 138 minutes | Standard Error 11.9 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Time to Nadir Plasma Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min) | 125 minutes | Standard Error 7.43 |
p-value: 0.195Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Time to Nadir Sensor Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min)
Time frame: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | Time to Nadir Sensor Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min) | 156 minutes | Standard Error 11.6 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | Time to Nadir Sensor Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min) | 134 minutes | Standard Error 6.04 |
p-value: 0.043Mixed Models Analysis