Glycogen Depletion
Conditions
Keywords
microRNA, carbohydrate oxidation
Brief summary
This investigation will examine the impact of skeletal muscle glycogen stores on skeletal muscle and circulating microRNA expression and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Primary Objective Determine the influence of carbohydrate availability (e.g., glycogen depletion and repletion) on skeletal muscle microRNA expression, and if changes in circulating microRNA are reflective of changes in skeletal muscle microRNA. Secondary Objective Determine how initiation of exercise with adequate or low glycogen stores effects exogenous carbohydrate efficiency.
Detailed description
Twelve, normal weight, healthy, physically active men and women will complete a glycogen depletion protocol, cycling at various intensities until failure. Participants will then consume a carbohydrate (CHO: 1 g/kg/hr) or an energy free control (CON) beverage matched for taste and color during the first 3-hr post glycogen depletion. For the remainder of the day participants will consume a diet designed to adequately (6.0 g CHO/kg/d) or inadequately (1.2 g CHO/kg/d) replenish glycogen stores. The following day participants will to complete 80-min of steady-state (\ 60% VO2peak) cycle ergometry consuming carbohydrate at a rate of 1.8 g/min enriched with a stable isotope of carbon to determine exogenous carbohydrate efficiency when glycogen stores are low or adequate at the onset of exercise. Following a minimum 7-d washout period volunteers will return to the laboratory to complete the second arm of the investigation. To ensure glycogen stores are similar between volunteers on testing day, 48-hrs prior to testing all volunteers will complete a glycogen depletion protocol and then consume a diet providing 6.0 g/kg/d carbohydrate to replenish glycogen stores.
Interventions
OTHERAdequate Carbohydrate
During the 3-hr recovery period after glycogen depletion participants will consume a carbohydrate (1 g/kg/hr) beverage For the day participants will consume a diet of 6.0 g/kg/d carbohydrate following glycogen depletion
OTHERLow Carbohydrate
During the 3-hr recovery period after glycogen depletion participants will consume a nutrient free beverage. For the day participants will consume a diet of 1.2 g/kg/d carbohydrate following glycogen depletion
Sponsors
United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 39 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Men and women aged 18 - 39 years * Weight stable (±5 lbs) for at least 2 months prior to the start of the study * Body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-30 kg/m2 * Recreationally active based on assessment of physical activity history 2-4 days per week aerobic and/or resistance exercise * Refrain from taking any NSAIDS (i.e., aspirin, Advil®, Aleve®, Naprosyn®, or any aspirin-containing product for 10 days before and at least 5 days AFTER each muscle biopsy. (\*Tylenol® or acetaminophen is ok to use if needed for discomfort) * Refrain from the use of alcohol and nicotine for the duration of the study * Females must be on contraception (e.g., oral birth control, NuvaRing®, Depo Provera®, etc.) * Supervisor approved leave status for federal civilian employees working within the US Army Natick Soldier Systems Center
Exclusion criteria
* Metabolic or cardiovascular abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders (i.e., kidney disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.) * Disease or medication (i.e., diabetes medications, statins, corticosteroids, etc) that affects macronutrient utilization and/or the ability to participate in strenuous exercise * Allergies or intolerance to foods (including but not limited to lactose intolerance/milk allergy), vegetarian practices, or medications (including, but not limited to, lidocaine or phenylalanine) to be utilized in the study * Anemia (HCT \< 38) and Sickle Cell Anemia/Trait * Abnormal prothrombin time (PT)/ partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test or problems with blood clotting * Present condition of alcoholism, use of nutritional/sports supplements, anabolic steroids, or other substance abuse issues * Musculoskeletal injuries that compromise the ability to exercise * Blood donation within 8 weeks of beginning the study * Pregnancy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fold Change in microRNA Expression From Baseline | 24 hours | Determine the influence of low or adequate glycogen on expression of skeletal muscle and circulating microRNA. Expression of microRNA was determined using real time polymerase chain reaction analysis. microRNA expressions were calculated as a fold change relative to baseline. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation | 80 minutes | Determine how initiation of exercise with adequate or low glycogen stores effects exogenous carbohydrate efficiency. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was measured using an oral 13C-glucose isotope that was consumed in the study carbohydrate drink during steady-state cycling. Breath samples were collected during exercise and analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry to calculate exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
This was a cross over design. 12 participants enrolled and completed both study arms.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Adequate Carbohydrate First, Then Low Carbohydrate Carbohydrate beverage (1 g/kg/hr) Adequate carbohydrate diet 6.0 g/kg/d
Adequate Carbohydrate: During the 3-hr recovery period after glycogen depletion participants will consume a carbohydrate (1 g/kg/hr) beverage For the day participants will consume a diet of 6.0 g/kg/d carbohydrate following glycogen depletion | 6 |
| Low Carbohydrate First, Then Adequate Carbohydrate Non-nutritive control beverage. Low carbohydrate diet 1.5 g/kg/d
Low Carbohydrate: During the 3-hr recovery period after glycogen depletion participants will consume a nutrient free beverage.
For the day participants will consume a diet of 1.5 g/kg/d carbohydrate following glycogen depletion | 6 |
| Total | 12 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Low Carbohydrate First, Then Adequate Carbohydrate | Total | Adequate Carbohydrate First, Then Low Carbohydrate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | 0 Participants | — |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 12 | 1 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 |
Outcome results
Primary
Fold Change in microRNA Expression From Baseline
Determine the influence of low or adequate glycogen on expression of skeletal muscle and circulating microRNA. Expression of microRNA was determined using real time polymerase chain reaction analysis. microRNA expressions were calculated as a fold change relative to baseline.
Time frame: 24 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate Carbohydrate | Fold Change in microRNA Expression From Baseline | 0.73 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Low Carbohydrate | Fold Change in microRNA Expression From Baseline | 1.36 fold change | Standard Deviation 1.35 |
Secondary
Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation
Determine how initiation of exercise with adequate or low glycogen stores effects exogenous carbohydrate efficiency. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was measured using an oral 13C-glucose isotope that was consumed in the study carbohydrate drink during steady-state cycling. Breath samples were collected during exercise and analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry to calculate exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates.
Time frame: 80 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate Carbohydrate | Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation | .87 g/min | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Low Carbohydrate | Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation | .84 g/min | Standard Deviation 0.14 |