Rib Fracture Multiple
Conditions
Brief summary
This study evaluates the efficacy of surgical stabilization of rib fractures, as compared to best medical management, for patients with multiple, displaced rib fractures. Half of patients will be randomized to surgery (in addition to best medical management), whereas the other half will be randomized to medical therapy only. The primary outcome will be the subjects overall quality of life measured at two months following injury.
Detailed description
Rib fracture are the most common serious injury following blunt trauma, and occur in approximately 10% of trauma patients \[1\]. Despite improvements in the care of rib fracture patients, outcomes remain poor and have not changed substantially over the last 15 years \[2\]. Poor outcomes resulting from serious rib fractures include both acute complications (e.g., pneumonia, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and death) and chronic disability (e.g., pain, dyspnea, and loss of productivity). Over the last 10 years, surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) has emerged as a promising technology for the management of patients with severe chest wall injuries \[3\]. Conceptually, SSRF applies the fundamental orthopedic principles of reduction and fixation to rib fractures, restoring chest wall stability and minimizing pain with respiration, splinting, and secretion accumulation. The advent of muscle-sparring \[4\] and even minimally-invasive surgical techniques \[5\], as well as a relatively low complication rate \[6\], has improved the appeal of this operation. To date, three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) \[7-9\] and three meta-analyses of these and other trials \[10-12\] have limited their scope to patients with flail chest, a specific clinical diagnosis characterized by paradoxical motion of a portion of the chest wall due to fractures of two or more ribs in at least two places. Flail chest represents the most severe form of chest wall injury, with an associated, very high morbidity and mortality. Each of the aforementioned RCTs, as well as multiple prospective, non-randomized investigations \[13, 14\], have found a benefit to SSRF as compared to best medical management in this patient population. Accordingly, expert consensus statements have recommended this operation in this subset of patients \[3, 15\]. Based upon the favorable reported efficacy of SSRF in patients with flail chest, many surgeons have broadened indications to patients with severe, non-flail rib fracture patterns, most commonly ≥ 3 severely displaced fractures. Although these injuries differ anatomically from flail chest, many of the same pathophysiologic principles are at work: namely, painful motion at the fracture sites cause respiratory compromise, bony bridging \[16\], and risk of subsequent non-union, chronic pain, and restrictive lung disease. However, it is not clear if stabilization of these fractures confers the same benefits as in the case of flail chest. This lack of efficacy data has been recognized in recent guidelines, which were unable to recommend SSRF for non-flail fracture patterns pending further data. Furthermore, long term quality of life data for both flail and non-flail fracture patterns managed with SSRF are not available. The use of SSRF is increasing exponentially. Somewhat alarmingly, nearly one half of the procedures were performed in patients without flail chest \[17\]. A combination of the favorable results observed for SSRD in flail chest, the increasing prevalence of SSRF for non flail-chest, and the lack of quality evidence to support this operation in this patient population, lead to the design of the current RCT. The objective of this trial is to investigate the efficacy of SSRF, as compared to non-operative management, for hospitalized patients with specific, non-flail, severe rib fractures, and within expert, high volume centers that participate in the Chest Wall Injury Society. The investigators hypothesize that SSRF, as compared to standardized medical management, improves pain control, pulmonary function, risk of complications, and quality of life among patients with severe, non-flail chest fracture patterns.
Interventions
DEVICEOperative
This operation involves reducing and providing rigid fixation of displaced rib fractures with permanent plates or splints
Sponsors
DePuy Synthes
Denver Health and Hospital Authority
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
randomized, controlled trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Hospitalization with ≥ 3 severely displaced (≥ 50% of rib width) acute rib fractures. 2. Two or more of the following pulmonary physiologic derangements (at the time of consideration for enrollment and after best medical therapy). 1. Respiratory rate \> 20 breaths per minute 2. Incentive spirometry \< 50% predicted (appendix D) 3. Numeric pain score \> 5 4. Poor cough (as documented by respiratory therapist) 3. Surgery anticipated \< 72 hours from injury
Exclusion criteria
1. Age \< 18 years or ≥ 80 years 2. Flail chest: either radiographic or clinical. Radiographic flail chest is defined on CT chest as ≥ 2 ribs each fractured in ≥ 2 places. Clinical flail is defined as visualization of a segment of chest wall with paradoxical motion on physical exam. 3. Moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (GCS at the time of consideration for enrollment \< 12) 4. Intubation 5. Severe pulmonary contusion, defined as Blunt Pulmonary Contusion 18 (BPC18) score \> 12 \[19\]. 6. Prior or expected emergency exploratory laparotomy during this admission. 7. Prior or expected emergency thoracotomy during this admission. 8. Prior or expected emergency craniotomy during this admission. 9. Spinal cord injury 10. Pelvic fracture that has required, or is expected to require, operative intervention during this admission. 11. The patient was unable to accomplish activities of daily living independently prior to injury (e.g., dressing, bathing, prepearing meals). 12. Pregnancy. 13. Incarceration.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric Pain Score | Hospital days 1-7, day of discharge (an average of 1 week) and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks following discharge from hospital. | Patient self-reported pain score on an 11 point scale scale ranging from 0-10; 0 being no pain to 10 the worst pain imaginable. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Daily Narcotic Use | Inpatient: occurred daily at 10 AM while the patient was hospitalized. Post-discharge: occurred at outpatient clinic follow-up encounter that occurred at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post discharge. | Total standardized narcotic equivalents per day, which is calculated using an equil-analgesic scale: Narcotic Dose Unit Route Hydromorphone 1.5 mg IV Hydromorphone 7.5 mg PO Fentanyl 100 mcg IV Morphine 10 mg IV Morphine 30 mg PO Oxycodone 20 mg PO Hydrocodone 30 mg PO \*IV, intravenous; mcg, micrograms; mg, milligrams; PO, per oral |
| Incentive Spirometry | Inpatient: occurred daily at 10 AM while the patient was hospitalized. Post-discharge: occurred at outpatient clinic follow-up encounter that occurred at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post discharge. | The maximum volume (ml) of inspired air through a handheld device called an incentive spirometer. Best value of 3 attempts is recorded. The value of the inspired volume is normalized for patients age, sex, and height and in measured in the percent predicted for that particular individual. |
| Pulmonary Function Testing | once, at first follow-up, outpatient, clinic visit, which occurred at 2 weeks post discharge. | Forced expired volume in 1 second, measured in pulmonary function lab |
| Length of Stay | 2 months after injury | Patient length of stay in hospital and/or ICU. |
| Days of Ventilator-dependent Respiratory Failure | Study participants were followed up to 2 months after index admission date. | Mechanical ventilation for \> 24 hours at any time during index hospitalization |
| Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 2, 4 and 8 weeks after discharge from the index admission | An 8 question, validated quality of life (QoL) questionnaire administered at outpatient, clinic follow-up encounters after discharge from the index admission. Minimum score is 0 and indicates the worst outcome of QoL while maximum score is 55, which indicates the highest outcome of QoL. |
| Number of Patients With Pneumonia | Study participants were followed up to 2 months after index admission date. | CDC definition of nosocomial pneumonia |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Operative Patients in the operative arm will undergo best medical management, in addition to surgical stabilization of their displaced rib fractures within 72 hours of admission to the hospital.
Operative: This operation involves reducing and providing rigid fixation of displaced rib fractures with permanent plates or splints | 51 |
| Non-Operative Patients in the non operative arm will undergo best medical management of their displaced rib fractures. | 59 |
| Total | 110 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Non-Operative | Total | Operative |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 53.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.1 | 53.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.2 | 54.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.4 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | 0 Participants | — |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 59 participants | 110 participants | 51 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 16 Participants | 28 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 43 Participants | 82 Participants | 39 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 51 | 0 / 59 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 51 | 3 / 59 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 51 | 0 / 59 |
Outcome results
Primary
Numeric Pain Score
Patient self-reported pain score on an 11 point scale scale ranging from 0-10; 0 being no pain to 10 the worst pain imaginable.
Time frame: Hospital days 1-7, day of discharge (an average of 1 week) and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks following discharge from hospital.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 5 | 5.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 7 | 4.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 4 | 5.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Day of discharge | 4.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 1 | 7.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | 2 week follow-up | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 3 | 5.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | 4 week follow-up | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 2 | 6.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | 8 week follow-up | 1.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 6 | 4.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | 8 week follow-up | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 3 | 5.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 4 | 6.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 5 | 5.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 1 | 7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 6 | 5.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 7 | 6.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Day of discharge | 5.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | 2 week follow-up | 4.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | 4 week follow-up | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Non-operative | Numeric Pain Score | Hospital day 2 | 6.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
Secondary
Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire
An 8 question, validated quality of life (QoL) questionnaire administered at outpatient, clinic follow-up encounters after discharge from the index admission. Minimum score is 0 and indicates the worst outcome of QoL while maximum score is 55, which indicates the highest outcome of QoL.
Time frame: 2, 4 and 8 weeks after discharge from the index admission
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operative | Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 4 Week Follow-Up | 16.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.6 |
| Operative | Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 2 Week Follow-Up | 20.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11 |
| Operative | Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 8 Week Follow-Up | 10.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.9 |
| Non-operative | Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 2 Week Follow-Up | 25.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
| Non-operative | Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 4 Week Follow-Up | 22.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Non-operative | Chest Wall Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire | 8 Week Follow-Up | 15.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.2 |
Secondary
Daily Narcotic Use
Total standardized narcotic equivalents per day, which is calculated using an equil-analgesic scale: Narcotic Dose Unit Route Hydromorphone 1.5 mg IV Hydromorphone 7.5 mg PO Fentanyl 100 mcg IV Morphine 10 mg IV Morphine 30 mg PO Oxycodone 20 mg PO Hydrocodone 30 mg PO \*IV, intravenous; mcg, micrograms; mg, milligrams; PO, per oral
Time frame: Inpatient: occurred daily at 10 AM while the patient was hospitalized. Post-discharge: occurred at outpatient clinic follow-up encounter that occurred at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post discharge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 4 | 1.5 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 7 | 1.0 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 3 | 1.5 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Day of Discharge | 0.5 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 5 | 1.3 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | 2 Week Follow-up | 0.5 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 2 | 2.0 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | 4 Week Follow-up | 0.3 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 6 | 1.3 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | 8 Week Follow-up | 0.2 mg morphine equivalents |
| Operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 1 | 2.6 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | 8 Week Follow-up | 0.5 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 1 | 1.6 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 2 | 2.0 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 3 | 1.6 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 4 | 1.5 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 5 | 2.3 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 6 | 2.0 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Hospital Day 7 | 2.3 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | Day of Discharge | 0.8 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | 2 Week Follow-up | 1.2 mg morphine equivalents |
| Non-operative | Daily Narcotic Use | 4 Week Follow-up | 1.5 mg morphine equivalents |
Secondary
Days of Ventilator-dependent Respiratory Failure
Mechanical ventilation for \> 24 hours at any time during index hospitalization
Time frame: Study participants were followed up to 2 months after index admission date.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Operative | Days of Ventilator-dependent Respiratory Failure | 0 Days |
| Non-operative | Days of Ventilator-dependent Respiratory Failure | 0 Days |
Secondary
Incentive Spirometry
The maximum volume (ml) of inspired air through a handheld device called an incentive spirometer. Best value of 3 attempts is recorded. The value of the inspired volume is normalized for patients age, sex, and height and in measured in the percent predicted for that particular individual.
Time frame: Inpatient: occurred daily at 10 AM while the patient was hospitalized. Post-discharge: occurred at outpatient clinic follow-up encounter that occurred at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post discharge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 4 | 48.5 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 7 | 55 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 3 | 46 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Day of Discharge | 63 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 5 | 59 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | 2 Week Follow-Up | 87 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 2 | 40 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | 4 Week Follow-Up | 100 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 6 | 52 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | 8 Week Follow-Up | 100 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 1 | 39 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | 8 Week Follow-Up | 97.5 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 1 | 39.5 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 2 | 41.5 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 3 | 49 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 4 | 49.5 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 5 | 51 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 6 | 49 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Hosp Day 7 | 54 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | Day of Discharge | 61 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | 2 Week Follow-Up | 90 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
| Non-operative | Incentive Spirometry | 4 Week Follow-Up | 100 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height |
Secondary
Length of Stay
Patient length of stay in hospital and/or ICU.
Time frame: 2 months after injury
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operative | Length of Stay | ICU length of stay | 2 Days |
| Operative | Length of Stay | Hospital length of stay | 7 Days |
| Non-operative | Length of Stay | Hospital length of stay | 6 Days |
| Non-operative | Length of Stay | ICU length of stay | 2 Days |
Secondary
Number of Patients With Pneumonia
CDC definition of nosocomial pneumonia
Time frame: Study participants were followed up to 2 months after index admission date.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Operative | Number of Patients With Pneumonia | 1 Participants |
| Non-operative | Number of Patients With Pneumonia | 4 Participants |
Secondary
Pulmonary Function Testing
Forced expired volume in 1 second, measured in pulmonary function lab
Time frame: once, at first follow-up, outpatient, clinic visit, which occurred at 2 weeks post discharge.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operative | Pulmonary Function Testing | 75.5 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height | Standard Deviation 17.6 |
| Non-operative | Pulmonary Function Testing | 75.8 % of predicted ml for age/sex/height | Standard Deviation 15.8 |