Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Conditions
Keywords
Transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS), Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Brief summary
This study evaluates the effects of transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS) on prefrontal metabolism and hemodynamics in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The subjects will receive six TILS interventions and one sham intervention in a course of seven weeks.
Detailed description
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with cognitive impairments. It has been indicated that hypoactivity of the prefrontal cortex plays a major role in the disrupted neural circuitry of mood and cognition. Transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS) is a neural type of photobiomodulation that can elevate neuronal metabolism by exciting cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Veterans with PTSD will receive prefrontal TILS interventions once-per-week for six weeks. They will also receive an additional sham intervention (laser power = 0) that will be randomly assigned into the first two sessions. Broadband near-infrared spectroscopy (bbNIRS) will be used to directly assess the CCO changes during every TILS/sham session. Veterans' prefrontal functions will be evaluated with short-term memory tasks before and after each intervention. The prefrontal activities will also be imaged by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to objectively assess the functional changes due to TILS/sham interventions.
Interventions
DEVICETILS
Continuous-wave laser of a specific wavelength (1064 nm) was administered to the participants' right forehead for 8 minutes. The laser power was 3.4 Watts.
DEVICEsham
The sham session consisted of administering the same laser to the participants' right forehead for totally 8 minutes. However, the laser power was turned to be 0 Watts.
Sponsors
University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Arlington
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* War-zone and non-war-zone veterans * Ages 18-60 years old * Males and females * Able to read, speak, and understand English * Medical records showing prior diagnosis of PTSD (here it refers to the records prior to TILS, which will be assessed and obtained in Visit 1) * Medical records showing diagnosis of PTSD (here it refers to the CAPS-5 record prior to TILS, which will be assessed and obtained in Visit 1) * On stable doses of any psychotropic medications for at least 4 weeks
Exclusion criteria
* Significant physical disability to perform a computerized memory task * Past/current significant medical/neurological/mental health disorders known to affect cognitive functioning (e.g., stroke, dementia, schizophrenia, AIDS) * Presence of moderate/severe TBI, defined as having: alteration of consciousness/mental state \>24 hours; posttraumatic amnesia \>1 day; loss of consciousness \>30 minutes; and/or abnormal structural neuroimaging. We will not exclude veterans with mild TBI, which is found in nearly 50% of veterans with PTSD * Alcohol abuse/dependence for the past 12- months, as determined by the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen score \>0 * Drug abuse/dependence for the past 12- months, as determined by the Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 score \>2 * Severe depression (PHQ-9 total score \>19), significant risk of suicide (SBQ-R \>6), severe headache (PHQ-15, Item e =2), and/or severe dizziness (PHQ-15, Item g =2) * Opiate use in the month prior to study entry
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | 7 weeks | Cerebral CCO changes measured by broadband NIRS during six TILS interventions and one sham session. |
| Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | 7 weeks | Cerebral hemodynamic changes measured by broadband NIRS during every TILS or sham session |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Short-term Memory Scores | 8 weeks | The participant's recall time in Digit Forward (DF) task and Digit Backward (DB) task was recorded recorded during initial baseline, and after the one sham and six TILS sessions. The recall time indicates how fast the participants could recall that digital numbers 10 seconds after they vanished on computer screen. |
| Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | 8 weeks | Anterior prefrontal hemodynamic activations (HbO2 and Hb changes) measured by functional NIRS during the Digit Forward (DF) and Digit Backward (DB) tasks. The activations were recorded from initial baseline, and after the one sham and six TILS sessions. In post-experiment processing, the activations were averaged in the recall phase, which was a key component related to PTSD. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
31 veterans were screened for eligibility between October, 2017 and November, 2018. Ten veterans met the inclusion criteria, among them nine completed the study, and one quit after the initial screening for family reason.
Pre-assignment details
All of the nine participants were randomly assigned into the two arms.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions Participants first received a TILS intervention, followed by a sham session one week later. Then, participants received another five weekly TILS interventions. | 6 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions Participants first received a sham session, followed by six weekly TILS sessions. | 3 |
| Total | 9 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 36.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.7 | 36.33 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.7 | 36.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.7 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 7 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
Outcome results
Primary
Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham
Cerebral CCO changes measured by broadband NIRS during six TILS interventions and one sham session.
Time frame: 7 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 2nd TILS | 0.03 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 4th TILS | -0.12 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 1st TILS | 0.13 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 5th TILS | 0.08 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 3rd TILS | 0.04 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 6th TILS | 0.09 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to sham | 0.09 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 6th TILS | 1.03 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.78 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to sham | -0.33 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 1st TILS | 0.70 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 2nd TILS | 1.44 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.58 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 3rd TILS | 2.39 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 4.18 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 4th TILS | 0.86 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.75 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral CCO Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average CCO changes in response to 5th TILS | 0.47 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
Primary
Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham
Cerebral hemodynamic changes measured by broadband NIRS during every TILS or sham session
Time frame: 7 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 1st TILS | 0.08 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 3rd TILS | 0.12 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to sham | 0.40 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 4th TILS | 2.92 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.19 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 2nd TILS | 3.08 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 4th TILS | 0.21 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 1st TILS | 2.80 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 5th TILS | 2.44 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 2nd TILS | 0.37 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 5th TILS | 0.64 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 6th TILS | 2.73 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to sham | 0.28 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.76 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 6th TILS | 0.07 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 3rd TILS | 3.97 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 6th TILS | 1.31 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.61 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to sham | -0.95 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.85 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to sham | -1.12 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.56 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 1st TILS | 2.77 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 5.13 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 1st TILS | 1.66 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.03 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 2nd TILS | 3.58 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.97 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 2nd TILS | 2.52 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.53 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 3rd TILS | 2.60 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 3rd TILS | 3.37 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 5.42 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 4th TILS | 2.77 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.01 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 4th TILS | 1.89 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.51 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 5th TILS | 3.05 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.45 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average oxy-Hb change in response to 6th TILS | 4.93 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Response to TILS and Sham | Average deoxy-Hb change in response to 5th TILS | 1.04 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
Secondary
Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing
Anterior prefrontal hemodynamic activations (HbO2 and Hb changes) measured by functional NIRS during the Digit Forward (DF) and Digit Backward (DB) tasks. The activations were recorded from initial baseline, and after the one sham and six TILS sessions. In post-experiment processing, the activations were averaged in the recall phase, which was a key component related to PTSD.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, baseline | 1.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 2nd TILS | 0.7 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, sham | -0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 3rd TILS | -1.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, baseline | 0.5 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 1st TILS | 0.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 3rd TILS | -3.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, baseline | 0.7 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 3rd TILS | -1.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 1st TILS | 0.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 3rd TILS | -0.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 4th TILS | 0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 1st TILS | -2.5 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 4 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 4th TILS | -1.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, sham | -0.6 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 4th TILS | -0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, baseline | -0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 5th TILS | -3.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 2nd TILS | -2.6 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 5th TILS | -0.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 5th TILS | -2.8 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, sham | 0.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 5th TILS | 0.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 4th TILS | -1.6 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 6th TILS | -2.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 2nd TILS | -0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 6th TILS | -0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, sham | -1.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 6th TILS | 0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 2nd TILS | 1.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 6th TILS | 0.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 1st TILS | -0.5 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 6th TILS | 0.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, baseline | 0.5 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, baseline | -0.8 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, baseline | -0.5 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, baseline | 0.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, sham | -2.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, sham | -0.3 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, sham | -0.7 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, sham | 0.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 1st TILS | -1.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 1st TILS | 0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 1st TILS | -1.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 1st TILS | 0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 5th TILS | 0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 2nd TILS | 0.8 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 2nd TILS | -1.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 2nd TILS | 3.9 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 9.6 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 2nd TILS | 2.2 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 3rd TILS | 0.6 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 3rd TILS | 0.8 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 3rd TILS | -1.0 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 3rd TILS | 0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 4th TILS | -1.8 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 4th TILS | 0.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 4th TILS | -1.1 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 4th TILS | -0.8 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 5th TILS | 0.6 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 2 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 5th TILS | 0.6 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB Hb, 5th TILS | 0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF HbO2, 6th TILS | -0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DF Hb, 6th TILS | 0.4 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Prefrontal Activations in Short-term Memory Processing | DB HbO2, 6th TILS | -5.7 microMolar/L | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
Secondary
Short-term Memory Scores
The participant's recall time in Digit Forward (DF) task and Digit Backward (DB) task was recorded recorded during initial baseline, and after the one sham and six TILS sessions. The recall time indicates how fast the participants could recall that digital numbers 10 seconds after they vanished on computer screen.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 1st TILS | 6.1 second | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 2nd TILS | 8.4 second | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, baseline | 7.1 second | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, baseline | 10.8 second | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, sham | 5.4 second | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, sham | 8.1 second | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 1st TILS | 8.4 second | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 2nd TILS | 5.6 second | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 3rd TILS | 5.2 second | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 3rd TILS | 7.4 second | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 4th TILS | 5.0 second | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 4th TILS | 6.3 second | Standard Deviation 1 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 5th TILS | 5.1 second | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 5th TILS | 6.2 second | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 6th TILS | 4.9 second | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| One TILS, One Sham, and Then Five TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 6th TILS | 6.5 second | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 6th TILS | 7.9 second | Standard Deviation 4.6 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 1st TILS | 5.9 second | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 3rd TILS | 5.9 second | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 5th TILS | 5.6 second | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, baseline | 6.5 second | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 3rd TILS | 11.1 second | Standard Deviation 7.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, baseline | 9.5 second | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 6th TILS | 5.7 second | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, sham | 5.7 second | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 4th TILS | 6.3 second | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, sham | 8.6 second | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 5th TILS | 8.5 second | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 1st TILS | 9.9 second | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 4th TILS | 7.9 second | Standard Deviation 5 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DF recall time, 2nd TILS | 5.9 second | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| One Sham, Then Six TILS Interventions | Short-term Memory Scores | DB recall time, 2nd TILS | 9.2 second | Standard Deviation 5.8 |