Satiety, Food Intake
Conditions
Keywords
Adults, Snacks, Appetite, Blood glucose, Insulin
Brief summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mid-morning gel snacks on subjective appetite, glucose and insulin responses, and food intake in healthy weight young adults.
Detailed description
23 (14 male, 9 female) healthy, non-smoking human subjects aged 18-30 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 were recruited in the experiment. Five gel snacks including a control snack and four modified snacks containing whey protein, oats, coconut oil or maltodextrin were tested. On six separate mornings, at least 3 days apart and after a 12 hours overnight fast, each participant consumed a standardized breakfast of cereal, milk, and orange juice at home, then arrived in the lab 2 hours after breakfast to receive one of the five test snack treatments or skip snack. Subjective appetite by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured at baseline (0 min) and after each treatment up to 2 h (15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured via finger-prick at the same time VAS measurements were taken. Food intake was measured via ad libitum pizza lunch.
Interventions
OTHERControl snack
Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack prepared by real fruits (186.2kcal)
OTHERMaltodextrin snack
Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with maltodextrin (271.8kcal)
OTHERWhey protein snack
Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with whey protein (201.8kcal)
OTHEROat snack
Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with oats and maltodextrin (275.8kcal)
OTHERCoconut oil snack
Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with coconut oil (276.4kcal)
OTHERSnack skipping
no snack
Sponsors
The Hershey Company
Toronto Metropolitan University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Coded snacks in shaded tetrapaks were provided to participants
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* be between 18 and 30 years of age * be healthy, non-smoking and not be taking any medications, including birth control * body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9
Exclusion criteria
* fasting plasma glucose \>5.5 mmol/L * health problems including previously diagnosed diabetes, known or uncertain pregnancy status at screening, gastrointestinal disease, liver or kidney disease * major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months * current or recent dieting * breakfast skipping * receiving any medications * menstrual irregularities * food sensitivities, allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions to foods including: cereal, orange juice, dairy, oat, coconut oil, honey, apple, pineapple, strawberry, and pear * behavioural or emotional problems * alcohol consumption \>7 beverages/week
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Appetite | Change from baseline over 120 minutes | Participants completed subjective ratings on appetite (e.g., desire to eat, hunger, fullness, prospective food consumption) and well-being at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Glucose Response | Change from baseline over 120 minutes | Blood was collected at baseline (0min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch to observe glycemic responses to gel snacks |
| Blood Insulin Response | Change from baseline over 120 minutes | Blood was collected at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption, as well as immediately following lunch, to observe insulin responses to gel snacks |
| Food Intake | 30 min | Participants consumed an ad libitum pizza lunch at 120 minutes |
Countries
Canada
Outcome results
None listed