Hiv
Conditions
Brief summary
This study evaluates whether a 7-day course of Raltegravir 400mg bd or Raltegravir 400mg/lamivudine 150mg bd can prevent HIV from infecting genital tissue and will relate the level of drug in the blood to the level of drug in genital tissue and to the ability to of HIV to infect genital tissue. As well as determining whether these regimes can provide ex vivo protection against HIV, this study will also determine speed to provision of protection and a 48 hour PK/PD decay profile of Raltegravir following drug cessation after attaining steady state concentrations. The results will also inform all future HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis studies of Raltegravir and form the basis for large scale clinical trials without the need for tissue sampling. To date, efficacy studies assessing PrEP regimens have utilized HIV-acquisition endpoints with the consequence being such studies are required to be large in subject number in order to power observations. In addition the study will provide for the first time data on HIV protection rather than just Raltegravir drug levels in tissue, and allow assessment of the possibility of Raltegravir being used as an intermittent dosing regimen in PrEP.
Detailed description
This is a multi-site, open-label, randomised, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) trial whereby 36 individuals (18 women and 18 men) will be randomised according to gender 1:1:1:1:1:1 to one of 6 arms (A 1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 B 3). The result being 3 women and 3 men will be in each arm. The letter dictates the ART regimen order and the number dictates the time points that tissue sampling will occur on and off ART. Two ART regimes will be investigated and all individuals will receive both regimes separated by a one month wash out. Arm A (A 1 A 2 A 3): will start with 7 days Raltegravir 400mg bd and then have a one month wash out before then starting 7 days Raltegravir 400mg /lamivudine 150mg bd. Arm B (B 1 B 2 B 3): will start with 7 days Raltegravir 400mg /lamivudine 150mg bd and then have a one month wash out before then starting 7 days Raltegravir 400mg bd. This will remove sequential selection bias. All individuals will receive tissue sampling at baseline for ex vivo analysis to ensure biopsies are infectable on challenge assays. Sampling from women will avoid menstruation and if possible focus on the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Individuals will receive another set of tissue sampling during and after ART in phase 1, have a 4 week wash out period and then have another set of sampling during and after ART in phase 2. Individuals will therefore have 5 sets of sampling during the trial.
Interventions
DRUGRaltegravir 400Mg Tab
bd for 7 days
DRUGLamivudine 150Mg Tablet
\+ Raltegravir 400Mg tablet bd for 7 days
Sponsors
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. The ability to understand and sign a written informed consent form prior to participation in any screening procedures and must be willing to comply with all trial requirements. 2. Male or non-pregnant, non-lactating females 3. Age between 18 to 60 years, inclusive. 4. Body Mass Index (BMI) of 16 to 35 kg/m2, inclusive. 5. Negative antibody/antigen combined test for HIV. 6. Absence of any significant health problems (in the opinion of the investigator) on the basis of the screening procedures; including medical history, physical examination, vital signs. 7. Women participating in sexual intercourse that could result in pregnancy -must use an adequate form of contraception throughout the study and for two weeks after the study. This includes intrauterine device, condoms, anatomical sterility in self or partner. Oral hormonal methods and implant contraceptives are allowed but only in combination with the additional protection of a barrier method. 8. Female participants may not use any vaginal products or objects or have vaginal sex for 48 hours before and after the collection of vaginal fluid and vaginal biopsies. This list includes tampons, female condoms, cotton wool, rags, diaphragms, cervical caps (or any other vaginal barrier method),douches, lubricants, vibrators/dildos, and drying agents. 9. Males participating in sexual intercourse that could result in pregnancy must use condoms during the duration of the study. 10. Men and women cannot use anal products or objects including but not exclusive to douches, lubricants and vibrators/dildos, butt plugs or urethral sounds or have receptive anal intercourse for 48 hours before and after the collection of rectal biopsies. 11. Willing to abstain from multivitamins and antacids for the study duration.
Exclusion criteria
1. Any significant acute or chronic medical illness. 2. Evidence of organ dysfunction or any clinically significant deviation from normal in physical examination, vital signs or clinical laboratory determinations. 3. Positive blood screen for syphilis, hepatitis B (HBs Ag) and/or C antibodies. 4. Positive blood screen for HIV antibodies. 5. Positive screen for sexually transmitted infections at screening visit 6. High-risk behaviour for HIV infection which is defined as having one of the following within three months before trial day 0 (first dose): had unprotected vaginal or anal sex with a known HIV infected person or a casual partner. engaged in sex work for money or drugs. acquired a bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the past 3 months. having a known HIV positive partner either currently or in the previous six months Females who are pregnant or breast-feeding. 7. Clinically significant laboratory abnormalities (according to normal range as defined by central laboratory). 8. Participation in a clinical trial of an Investigational product within 1 month of planned baseline enrolment in this study. 9. Ingestion of H2 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitor drugs in the preceding 14 days 10. Current of planned use of anti-epileptics
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Through Study completion, an average of 55 days | The level of Raltegravir alone or Raltegravir /lamivudine required in the plasma, vagina and rectum for 100% ex vivo protection from HIV . High viral dose challenge: ex vivo challenge of tissue with 104 TCID50/mL HIV-1BaL Low viral dose challenge: ex vivo challenge of tissue with 102 TCID50/mL HIV-1BaL |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Up to 7 days from first dose | Time in days from first receipt of antiretroviral (Raltegravir 400mg +/-lamivudine) until maximal ex vivo protection (against high or low titre of HIV-1BaL) was observed. |
| Number of Adverse Events Based on PE, Blood Test and Event Reporting on Raltegravir Based PrEP, in HIV Negative Individuals | Through Study completion, an average of 55 days | Subject safety and tolerability will be determined by physical examination, blood tests and adverse event reporting. FBC, U&E and LFTs will be carried out at baseline and thereafter as symptom directed. Adverse event review. If significant adverse events have been reported, these will be clinically followed in accordance to the instruction of the study physician. |
| The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | 5 days post last dose | Time in days from stopping antiretroviral (Raltegravir 400mg +/-lamivudine) until ex vivo protection (against high or low viral titre of HIV-1BaL) was no longer observed. |
Countries
United Kingdom
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Potential participants were identified via study poster, internal recruitment emails, and via a list of individuals who had consented to be contacted for further research. Potential participants would contact the team, trial discussed & information sheet provided. If still interested, would be consented and screening visit booked.
Pre-assignment details
Once participants were consented to the study, they undertook a screening visits to confirm eligibility. If eligibility was not confirmed, the participant was deemed a screen failure and not randomised to the trial.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Raltegravir, Then Raltegravir Plus Lamivudine Raltegravir 400mg tablet, taken twice a day for 7days.
Washout period 28 days
Raltegravir 400mg + Lamivudine 150mg tablet, taken twice a day for 7days. | 19 |
| Raltegravir Lamivudine, Then Raltegravir Raltegravir 400mg + Lamivudine 150mg tablet, taken twice a day for 7days.
Washout period 28 days
Raltegravir 400Mg Tab: bd for 7 days | 19 |
| Total | 38 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | Protocol Violation | 1 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Raltegravir Lamivudine, Then Raltegravir | Total | Raltegravir, Then Raltegravir Plus Lamivudine |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 19 Participants | 38 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 30.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 | 29 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 | 26.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.5 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 5 Participants | 8 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants | 26 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United Kingdom | 19 Participants | 38 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 20 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 9 Participants | 18 Participants | 9 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 38 | 0 / 38 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 12 / 38 | 15 / 38 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 38 | 0 / 38 |
Outcome results
Primary
The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV
The level of Raltegravir alone or Raltegravir /lamivudine required in the plasma, vagina and rectum for 100% ex vivo protection from HIV . High viral dose challenge: ex vivo challenge of tissue with 104 TCID50/mL HIV-1BaL Low viral dose challenge: ex vivo challenge of tissue with 102 TCID50/mL HIV-1BaL
Time frame: Through Study completion, an average of 55 days
Population: Excludes two participants who were withdrawn from the study due to not meeting study inclusion criteria, but who were nonetheless included in safety analyses as they received at least one dose of study medication
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: High Dose Challenge in rectal tissue | NA ng/mL | — |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: Low viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 979.8 ng/mL | Standard Error 306.5 |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Rectal: high viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | NA ng/mL | — |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Rectal: Low viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 729.36 ng/mL | Standard Error 218.1 |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: high viral dose challenge in vaginal tissu | NA ng/mL | — |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: low viral dose challenge in vaginal tissue | 979.8 ng/mL | Standard Error 306.5 |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: high dose in vaginal tissue | NA ng/mL | — |
| Raltegravir | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: low dose in vaginal tissue | 607.60 ng/mL | Standard Error 157.28 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Rectal: high viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 862.35 ng/mL | Standard Error 237.6 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: high dose in vaginal tissue | 648.24 ng/mL | Standard Error 432.9 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Rectal: Low viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 862.35 ng/mL | Standard Error 237.6 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: high viral dose challenge in vaginal tissu | 828.60 ng/mL | Standard Error 510.3 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: low viral dose challenge in vaginal tissue | 281.60 ng/mL | Standard Error 99.1 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: High Dose Challenge in rectal tissue | 669.90 ng/mL | Standard Error 231.4 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: Low viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 669.90 ng/mL | Standard Error 231.4 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: low dose in vaginal tissue | 273.02 ng/mL | Standard Error 88.4 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Rectal: high viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 1722.02 ng/mL | Standard Error 235.1 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: Low viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 265.10 ng/mL | Standard Error 76.5 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: High Dose Challenge in rectal tissue | 265.10 ng/mL | Standard Error 76.5 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Rectal: Low viral dose challenge in rectal tissue | 1722.02 ng/mL | Standard Error 235.1 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: high dose in vaginal tissue | 1557.80 ng/mL | Standard Error 206.3 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: low viral dose challenge in vaginal tissue | 169.10 ng/mL | Standard Error 19.3 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: high viral dose challenge in vaginal tissu | 266.40 ng/mL | Standard Error 101.6 |
| Lamivudine During Combination Treatment | The Level of Raltegravir Alone or Raltegravir /Lamivudine Required in the Plasma, Vagina and Rectum for 100% ex Vivo Protection From HIV | Plasma: low dose in vaginal tissue | 1437.80 ng/mL | Standard Error 133.3 |
Secondary
Number of Adverse Events Based on PE, Blood Test and Event Reporting on Raltegravir Based PrEP, in HIV Negative Individuals
Subject safety and tolerability will be determined by physical examination, blood tests and adverse event reporting. FBC, U&E and LFTs will be carried out at baseline and thereafter as symptom directed. Adverse event review. If significant adverse events have been reported, these will be clinically followed in accordance to the instruction of the study physician.
Time frame: Through Study completion, an average of 55 days
Population: Includes two participants who were withdrawn from the study due to not meeting study inclusion criteria, but who were nonetheless included in safety analyses as they received at least one dose of study medication
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Raltegravir | Number of Adverse Events Based on PE, Blood Test and Event Reporting on Raltegravir Based PrEP, in HIV Negative Individuals | 12 Adverse event |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | Number of Adverse Events Based on PE, Blood Test and Event Reporting on Raltegravir Based PrEP, in HIV Negative Individuals | 15 Adverse event |
Secondary
The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV.
Time in days from first receipt of antiretroviral (Raltegravir 400mg +/-lamivudine) until maximal ex vivo protection (against high or low titre of HIV-1BaL) was observed.
Time frame: Up to 7 days from first dose
Population: Excludes two participants who were withdrawn from the study due to not meeting study inclusion criteria, but who were nonetheless included in safety analyses as they received at least one dose of study medication
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raltegravir | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum rectal ex vivo protection from high titer HIV infection | 3 Days | Standard Error 0.58 |
| Raltegravir | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum rectal ex vivo protection from low titer HIV infection | 2 Days | Standard Error 0 |
| Raltegravir | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum rectal ex vivo protection from High titer HIV infection | 2.67 Days | Standard Error 0.67 |
| Raltegravir | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum vaginal ex vivo protection from low titer HIV infection | 3 Days | Standard Error 0.45 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum vaginal ex vivo protection from low titer HIV infection | 3.67 Days | Standard Error 0.61 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum rectal ex vivo protection from high titer HIV infection | 2 Days | Standard Error 0 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum rectal ex vivo protection from High titer HIV infection | 3 Days | Standard Error 0.68 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time From First Dose of Drug to Maximum Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV. | Time from first dose of drug to maximum rectal ex vivo protection from low titer HIV infection | 2 Days | Standard Error 0 |
Secondary
The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State.
Time in days from stopping antiretroviral (Raltegravir 400mg +/-lamivudine) until ex vivo protection (against high or low viral titre of HIV-1BaL) was no longer observed.
Time frame: 5 days post last dose
Population: Excludes two participants who were withdrawn from the study due to not meeting study inclusion criteria, but who were nonetheless included in safety analyses as they received at least one dose of study medication
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raltegravir | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of rectal ex vivo protection from high HIV dose challenge post ART at steady state | 3.33 Days | Standard Error 0.69 |
| Raltegravir | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of rectal ex vivo protection from low HIV dose challenge post ART at steady state | NA Days | — |
| Raltegravir | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of vaginal ex vivo protection from high HIVdose challenge post ART at steady state | 4 Days | Standard Error 1.13 |
| Raltegravir | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of vaginal ex vivo protection from low HIV dose challenge post ART at steady state | 5 Days | Standard Error 1.26 |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of vaginal ex vivo protection from low HIV dose challenge post ART at steady state | NA Days | — |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of rectal ex vivo protection from high HIV dose challenge post ART at steady state | NA Days | — |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of vaginal ex vivo protection from high HIVdose challenge post ART at steady state | NA Days | — |
| Raltegravir During Combination Treatment | The Time to Cessation of Mucosal ex Vivo Protection From HIV After Stopping ART at Steady State. | Time to cessation of rectal ex vivo protection from low HIV dose challenge post ART at steady state | NA Days | — |