Cognitive Aging
Conditions
Keywords
aging, cognitive ability, IADL, driving, financial fraud, perception, attention, memory
Brief summary
The study will compare the effect of broad and directed (narrow) technology-based training on basic perceptual and cognitive abilities in older adults and on the performance of simulated tasks of daily living including driving and fraud avoidance.
Detailed description
Participants will be randomly assigned to four training conditions: broad training using either 1) Posit Science's web-based BrainHQ or 2) the video game Rise of Nations, or to directed training for 3) Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) training on both driving, American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)'s web-based older driver training program, and training for fraud avoidance, a web-based tutorial on finance and fraud, or 4) to an active control condition of puzzle solving. Training will take approximately 15-20 hr for each treatment condition. Before training begins, participants will take baseline ability tests of perception, attention, memory, and cognition, activities of daily living, as well as a driving simulator test for hazard perception, and a financial fraud recognition test. They will be tested again on these measures following training completion, and at a one-year follow-up from training completion.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALBrainHQ
BrainHQ
BEHAVIORALRise of Nations
Rise of Nations
BEHAVIORALIADL Training
IADL Training
BEHAVIORALActive Control
Puzzle solving
Sponsors
Florida State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Assessors will be blinded to study condition when administering the tests to participants
Intervention model description
Random assignment to one of four treatment groups at study entry
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age 65 years and above * Plans to stay in the Tallahassee, Leon County area for the next year * Valid driver's license and drives at least once a month * Adequate cognitive ability assessed via telephone interview using the Wechsler Memory Scale III with story A score \>6 or story B score \>4.
Exclusion criteria
* Terminal illness with life expectancy less than 12 months * Reports or exhibits a disabling visual condition assessed as the inability to read printed material * Reports or exhibits a disabling speech hearing and comprehension condition assessed by inability to hear and comprehend the screener's instructions * Reports or exhibits a disabling speech production condition assessed as the inability to respond with comprehensible English speech to the screener's queries * Reports or exhibits a disabling psychomotor condition assessed as the inability to use a keyboard and pointing device * Has completed the AARP driver training course * Has played the Rise of Nations video game * Has trained with Posit Science's BrainHQ * Has trained on the Mind Frontiers video game.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance. |
| Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year | One-year after 4-week intervention training | Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after one year of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information. |
| Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior. |
| Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping. |
| Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety. |
| Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior. |
| Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping. |
| Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety. |
| Useful Field of View Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses. |
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance. |
| Useful Field of View at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses. |
| Fraud Detection Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms). |
| Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance. |
| Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty). This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). |
| Speed of Processing Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then both UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance. |
| Knowledge About Driving Post Training | Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information. |
| Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training | Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information. |
| Fraud Detection at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms). |
| Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance. |
| Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty).This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). |
| Speed of Processing at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance. |
| Knowledge About Driving at One Year | One-year after 4-week intervention training | Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Technology Proficiency at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score. |
| Numeracy Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. |
| Numeracy at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. |
| Reasoning Ability Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score. |
| Reasoning Ability at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score. |
| Memory Ability Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score. |
| Memory Ability at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score. |
| Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum. |
| Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training | Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum. |
| Technology Proficiency Post Training | Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training | Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
8 participants were consented and completed some baseline measures, but removed themselves from the study before they were randomly assigned to a certain condition. Thus, 238 participants agreed to participate in the study, but only 230 participants appear at baseline across conditions.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| BrainHQ Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours.
BrainHQ: BrainHQ | 57 |
| Rise of Nations Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours
Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations | 59 |
| IADL Training Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours.
IADL Training: IADL Training | 56 |
| Active Control Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search
Active Control: Puzzle solving | 58 |
| Total | 230 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | BrainHQ | IADL Training | Active Control | Total | Rise of Nations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 71.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 | 72.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.5 | 70.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 | 71.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3 | 71.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 26 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 9 Participants | 8 Participants | 2 Participants | 32 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 40 Participants | 40 Participants | 44 Participants | 165 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 57 participants | 56 participants | 58 participants | 230 participants | 59 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 33 Participants | 36 Participants | 31 Participants | 133 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 24 Participants | 20 Participants | 27 Participants | 97 Participants | 26 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 57 | 0 / 59 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 58 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 57 | 0 / 59 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 58 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 57 | 0 / 59 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 58 |
Outcome results
Primary
Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Baseline | 47.02 items completed | Standard Deviation 12.76 |
| BrainHQ | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Follow-up | 48.36 items completed | Standard Deviation 13.22 |
| Rise of Nations | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Follow-up | 47.65 items completed | Standard Deviation 14.97 |
| Rise of Nations | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Baseline | 45.65 items completed | Standard Deviation 10.79 |
| IADL Training | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Follow-up | 48.05 items completed | Standard Deviation 9.77 |
| IADL Training | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Baseline | 44.84 items completed | Standard Deviation 7.84 |
| Active Control | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Follow-up | 46.90 items completed | Standard Deviation 12.25 |
| Active Control | Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year | Digit Symbol Baseline | 43.58 items completed | Standard Deviation 12.74 |
Primary
Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Baseline | 46.45 items completed | Standard Deviation 12.49 |
| BrainHQ | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Post Training | 48.90 items completed | Standard Deviation 11.87 |
| Rise of Nations | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Post Training | 48.66 items completed | Standard Deviation 10.43 |
| Rise of Nations | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Baseline | 45.36 items completed | Standard Deviation 10.77 |
| IADL Training | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Baseline | 44.04 items completed | Standard Deviation 10.11 |
| IADL Training | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Post Training | 46.80 items completed | Standard Deviation 12.24 |
| Active Control | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Baseline | 43.71 items completed | Standard Deviation 13.22 |
| Active Control | Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training | Digit Symbol Post Training | 47.07 items completed | Standard Deviation 12.79 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year
Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Baseline | -0.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Follow-up | -0.40 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Follow-up | -0.35 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Baseline | -0.35 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Baseline | -0.46 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.09 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Follow-up | -0.37 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Baseline | -0.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year | Lane Position Follow-up | -0.39 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training
Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Baseline | -0.43 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Post Training | -0.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Post Training | -0.39 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Baseline | -0.35 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Baseline | -0.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Post Training | -0.39 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Baseline | -0.40 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training | Lane Position Post Training | -0.37 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year
Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Baseline | 12.71 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.89 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Follow-up | 13.36 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.54 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Follow-up | 14.08 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Baseline | 13.76 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Baseline | 13.04 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.65 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Follow-up | 13.28 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Baseline | 12.96 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year | Speed Follow-up | 13.70 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.46 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training
Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Baseline | 12.46 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.87 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Post Training | 13.25 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.75 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Post Training | 12.88 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 4.01 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Baseline | 13.46 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Baseline | 12.71 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.63 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Post Training | 11.88 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 3.9 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Baseline | 13.12 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training | Speed Post Training | 13.21 Miles Per Hour | Standard Deviation 2.46 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year
Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Follow-up | 0.11 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Baseline | 0.02 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Baseline | 0.31 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Follow-up | 0.34 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Follow-up | 0.19 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Baseline | -0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Follow-up | 0.18 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year | Composite Driving Baseline | 0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training
Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Baseline | -0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Post Training | 0.09 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Post Training | -0.10 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Baseline | 0.26 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Baseline | 0.02 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Post Training | -0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Baseline | 0.12 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training | Composite Driving Post Training | 0.11 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year
Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Follow-up | 0.98 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.06 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Baseline | 0.99 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Baseline | 1.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Follow-up | 1.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Follow-up | 1.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Baseline | 0.99 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.06 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Follow-up | 0.99 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year | Max Brake Baseline | 1.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
Primary
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training
Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Baseline | 0.98 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| BrainHQ | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Post Training | 0.99 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Post Training | 0.91 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Rise of Nations | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Baseline | 1.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Baseline | 0.99 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| IADL Training | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Post Training | 0.90 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Baseline | 1.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Active Control | Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training | Max Brake Post Training | 0.97 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
Primary
Fraud Detection at One Year
Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Fraud Detection at One Year | Baseline | 90.88 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 8.86 |
| BrainHQ | Fraud Detection at One Year | Follow-up | 87.79 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 8.95 |
| Rise of Nations | Fraud Detection at One Year | Follow-up | 87.17 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 12.87 |
| Rise of Nations | Fraud Detection at One Year | Baseline | 87.78 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 16.38 |
| IADL Training | Fraud Detection at One Year | Follow-up | 91.84 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 7.62 |
| IADL Training | Fraud Detection at One Year | Baseline | 86.30 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 11.17 |
| Active Control | Fraud Detection at One Year | Follow-up | 85.55 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 11.56 |
| Active Control | Fraud Detection at One Year | Baseline | 84.86 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 17.58 |
Primary
Fraud Detection Post Training
Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Fraud Detection Post Training | Baseline | 90.42 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 9.03 |
| BrainHQ | Fraud Detection Post Training | Post Training | 85.91 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 13.76 |
| Rise of Nations | Fraud Detection Post Training | Post Training | 86.34 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 10.91 |
| Rise of Nations | Fraud Detection Post Training | Baseline | 85.84 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 18.33 |
| IADL Training | Fraud Detection Post Training | Baseline | 84.88 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 12.31 |
| IADL Training | Fraud Detection Post Training | Post Training | 85.88 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 19.37 |
| Active Control | Fraud Detection Post Training | Baseline | 84.32 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 16.95 |
| Active Control | Fraud Detection Post Training | Post Training | 83.84 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | Standard Deviation 14.86 |
Primary
Knowledge About Driving at One Year
Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.
Time frame: One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Knowledge About Driving at One Year | 1.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Rise of Nations | Knowledge About Driving at One Year | 1.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| IADL Training | Knowledge About Driving at One Year | 1.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Active Control | Knowledge About Driving at One Year | 1.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
Primary
Knowledge About Driving Post Training
Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.
Time frame: Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Knowledge About Driving Post Training | 1.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Rise of Nations | Knowledge About Driving Post Training | 1.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| IADL Training | Knowledge About Driving Post Training | 2.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Active Control | Knowledge About Driving Post Training | 1.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
Primary
Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year
Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after one year of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.
Time frame: One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year | 1.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Rise of Nations | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year | 1.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| IADL Training | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year | 1.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Active Control | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year | 1.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
Primary
Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training
Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.
Time frame: Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training | 1.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Rise of Nations | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training | 1.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| IADL Training | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training | 2.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Active Control | Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training | 1.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
Primary
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year
Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty).This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Baseline | 0.27 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| BrainHQ | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Follow-up | 0.38 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.54 |
| Rise of Nations | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Follow-up | 0.22 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Rise of Nations | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Baseline | 0.16 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| IADL Training | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Baseline | 0.10 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| IADL Training | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Follow-up | 0.10 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
| Active Control | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Baseline | 0.36 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Active Control | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year | Follow-up | 0.34 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.31 |
Primary
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training
Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty). This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Baseline | 0.31 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| BrainHQ | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Post Training | 0.35 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| Rise of Nations | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Post Training | 0.23 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Rise of Nations | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Baseline | 0.26 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| IADL Training | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Baseline | 0.38 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.52 |
| IADL Training | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Post Training | 0.22 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.42 |
| Active Control | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Baseline | 0.39 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Active Control | Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training | Post Training | 0.21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
Primary
Speed of Processing at One Year
Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. Some participants may also have dropped from the study mid-session during testing, which means they may be counted as a drop out in other analyses.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.10 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| BrainHQ | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Follow-up | 0.22 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Rise of Nations | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Follow-up | 0.36 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Rise of Nations | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.12 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| IADL Training | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| IADL Training | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Follow-up | 0.15 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Active Control | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Active Control | Speed of Processing at One Year | Speed of Processing Follow-up | 0.19 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
Primary
Speed of Processing Post Training
Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then both UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Post Training | 0.34 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| BrainHQ | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.09 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Rise of Nations | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Rise of Nations | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Post Training | 0.16 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| IADL Training | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Post Training | 0.15 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| IADL Training | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Baseline | -0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Active Control | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Post Training | 0.13 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Active Control | Speed of Processing Post Training | Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
Primary
Useful Field of View at One Year
Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Baseline | 229.38 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 205.25 |
| BrainHQ | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Follow-up | 200.85 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 215.83 |
| Rise of Nations | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Follow-up | 158.65 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 68.7 |
| Rise of Nations | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Baseline | 199.58 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 229.19 |
| IADL Training | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Follow-up | 214.71 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 152.89 |
| IADL Training | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Baseline | 206.54 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 113.42 |
| Active Control | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Follow-up | 192.18 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 148.15 |
| Active Control | Useful Field of View at One Year | UFOV Baseline | 211.90 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 154.92 |
Primary
Useful Field of View Post Training
Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Baseline | 225.84 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 201.81 |
| BrainHQ | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Post Training | 170.04 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 194.38 |
| Rise of Nations | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Post Training | 217.47 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 192.39 |
| Rise of Nations | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Baseline | 229.08 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 242.48 |
| IADL Training | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Baseline | 228.55 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 134.75 |
| IADL Training | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Post Training | 210.87 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 154.27 |
| Active Control | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Baseline | 212.14 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 145.31 |
| Active Control | Useful Field of View Post Training | UFOV Post Training | 219.92 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 215.25 |
Secondary
Memory Ability at One Year
Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. Some participants may also have dropped from the study mid-session during testing, which means they may be counted as a drop out in other analyses.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Baseline | 0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Follow-up | 0.19 z-score | Standard Deviation 1 |
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Baseline | -0.18 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Follow-up | 0.23 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Follow-up | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Baseline | 0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Follow-up | 0.22 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Baseline | 0.10 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Baseline | 0.16 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Follow-up | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Follow-up | -0.09 z-score | Standard Deviation 1 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Baseline | 0.16 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Follow-up | 0.44 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Follow-up | 0.40 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability at One Year | Hopkins Baseline | 0.25 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability at One Year | Rey Baseline | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
Secondary
Memory Ability Post Training
Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Baseline | -0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Post Training | 0.23 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Baseline | -0.22 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| BrainHQ | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Post Training | -0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Post Training | 0.05 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Baseline | 0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Post Training | -0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Rise of Nations | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Baseline | 0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Baseline | 0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Post Training | -0.12 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Post Training | -0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| IADL Training | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Baseline | 0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Post Training | 0.24 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Post Training | 0.22 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability Post Training | Hopkins Baseline | 0.15 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Active Control | Memory Ability Post Training | Rey Baseline | 0.17 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
Secondary
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year
Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Baseline | 3.18 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.31 |
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Follow-up | 3.09 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Baseline | 4.40 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Follow-up | 4.22 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 2.31 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Follow-up | 3.26 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Baseline | 3.72 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.39 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Follow-up | 3.98 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Baseline | 3.03 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Baseline | 3.65 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Follow-up | 3.12 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.26 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Follow-up | 4.08 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 2.13 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Baseline | 2.78 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.19 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Follow-up | 4.26 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 2.04 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Follow-up | 2.85 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | ATM Task Baseline | 2.79 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year | Prescription Task Baseline | 3.40 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
Secondary
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training
Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Baseline | 3.17 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Post Training | 3.19 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Baseline | 4.31 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 4.54 |
| BrainHQ | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Post Training | 4.75 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 2.49 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Post Training | 3.23 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Baseline | 3.67 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Post Training | 4.91 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 5.43 |
| Rise of Nations | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Baseline | 2.78 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Baseline | 3.54 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Post Training | 2.98 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Post Training | 4.20 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.58 |
| IADL Training | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Baseline | 2.67 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Post Training | 4.14 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 3.15 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Post Training | 2.97 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | ATM Task Baseline | 2.81 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Active Control | Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training | Prescription Task Baseline | 3.40 Tasks completed per minute | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Secondary
Numeracy at One Year
Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. Some participants may also have dropped from the study mid-session during testing, which means they may be counted as a drop out in other analyses.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Numeracy at One Year | Follow-up | 2.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.45 |
| BrainHQ | Numeracy at One Year | Baseline | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.48 |
| Rise of Nations | Numeracy at One Year | Baseline | 2.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
| Rise of Nations | Numeracy at One Year | Follow-up | 2.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| IADL Training | Numeracy at One Year | Baseline | 2.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.52 |
| IADL Training | Numeracy at One Year | Follow-up | 2.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.81 |
| Active Control | Numeracy at One Year | Follow-up | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.69 |
| Active Control | Numeracy at One Year | Baseline | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
Secondary
Numeracy Post Training
Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Numeracy Post Training | Baseline | 2.41 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.55 |
| BrainHQ | Numeracy Post Training | Follow-up | 2.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
| Rise of Nations | Numeracy Post Training | Follow-up | 2.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Rise of Nations | Numeracy Post Training | Baseline | 2.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| IADL Training | Numeracy Post Training | Baseline | 2.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| IADL Training | Numeracy Post Training | Follow-up | 2.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.65 |
| Active Control | Numeracy Post Training | Baseline | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Active Control | Numeracy Post Training | Follow-up | 2.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.78 |
Secondary
Reasoning Ability at One Year
Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Baseline | 0.10 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Follow-up | -0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Baseline | 0.25 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Follow-up | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Follow-up | 0.08 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Baseline | -0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Follow-up | 0.36 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Baseline | 0.14 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Baseline | 0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Follow-up | 0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Follow-up | 0.22 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Baseline | -0.10 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Follow-up | 0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Follow-up | -0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Raven's Baseline | 0.05 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability at One Year | Letter Sets Baseline | 0.02 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
Secondary
Reasoning Ability Post Training
Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Baseline | 0.10 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Post Training | 0.08 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Baseline | 0.19 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| BrainHQ | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Post Training | 0.24 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Post Training | 0.13 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Baseline | -0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Post Training | 0.40 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Rise of Nations | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Baseline | 0.14 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Baseline | 0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Post Training | -0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Post Training | 0.23 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| IADL Training | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Baseline | -0.18 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Post Training | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Post Training | -0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.19 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Raven's Baseline | -0.02 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Active Control | Reasoning Ability Post Training | Letter Sets Baseline | 0.00 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
Secondary
Technology Proficiency at One Year
Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Baseline | 0.11 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Follow-up | 0.20 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Baseline | 0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Follow-up | 0.15 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Follow-up | 0.39 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Baseline | 0.40 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Follow-up | 0.50 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Baseline | 0.35 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Baseline | -0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Follow-up | 0.20 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Follow-up | 0.29 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Baseline | 0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Follow-up | 0.20 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Baseline | -0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency at One Year | CPQ Follow-up | 0.11 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency at One Year | MDPQ Baseline | -0.01 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
Secondary
Technology Proficiency Post Training
Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Baseline | 0.16 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Post Training | 0.24 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Baseline | 0.11 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| BrainHQ | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Post Training | 0.23 z-score | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Post Training | 0.16 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Baseline | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Post Training | 0.09 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Rise of Nations | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Baseline | 0.21 z-score | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Baseline | -0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Post Training | 0.08 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Post Training | -0.04 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| IADL Training | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Baseline | -0.03 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Post Training | 0.07 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Post Training | -0.06 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency Post Training | CPQ Baseline | -0.13 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Active Control | Technology Proficiency Post Training | MDPQ Baseline | 0.05 z-score | Standard Deviation 1.03 |