Bipolar Disorder With Psychotic Features, Depression Psychotic Feature, Psychosis, Psychosis NOS, Schizoaffective Disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorders, Unspecified Psychosis
Conditions
Keywords
Cognitive Training, First Episode Psychosis, Recent Onset Psychosis
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine whether cognitive training exercises can improve cognitive functioning in young patients with recent-onset psychosis who are being treated in community mental health settings using the NAVIGATE model. The investigators will examine the effects of web-based cognitive training exercises delivered on iPads. Participants will be randomized to one of three conditions, and will be assessed at Baseline, Post-Intervention, and 6 Month Follow Up on measures of clinical, neurocognitive, and functional status.
Detailed description
The purpose of this study is to perform a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) in young patients with First Episode Psychosis (FEP) to target improvement in cognitive functioning within real-world treatment settings. This study will be performed in the University of Minnesota Department of Psychiatry; patients will be recruited from local community based mental health care settings that implement a NAVIGATE model for FEP. All participants will undergo baseline assessment in measures of clinical, neurocognitive, and functional status prior to randomization. Participants will be equally randomized to one of three groups: Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT); General Cognitive Exercises (GCE); or Treatment as Usual (TAU). Participants assigned to a cognitive training group will be loaned an iPad to complete study training at home. They will complete 60 minutes of training 5 times a week over the course of 6 weeks for a total of 30 hours of training. Participants will be allowed up to 12 weeks to complete the full 30 hours. Participants will return after 30 hours of training or 12 weeks, whichever comes first, for Post-Intervention Assessments. Then participants will enter a no-contact follow up period, until it is time for their 6 Month Follow Up assessment. Specific Aims: 1. Perform a double-blind RCT of web-based, portable computerized cognitive training in young individuals with recent onset psychosis receiving treatment within the University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry's First Episode Psychosis Program or other state clinics utilizing the NAVIGATE treatment model. 2. Compare the clinical and cognitive effects of neural system-informed TCT that focuses explicitly and specifically on distributed neural system efficiency in auditory/verbal and social cognitive domains, vs. more non-specific GCE designed to enhance executive functioning and problem-solving, vs. TAU. Determine the durability of these effects and their relationship to functional outcome over a 6 month period. 3. As a secondary aim, investigate the feasibility, tolerability, and acceptability of the intervention by service providers, clients, and caregivers in these real-world treatment centers. Hypotheses to be tested: 1. TCT subjects will show significantly greater gains in general cognition, verbal learning/memory, and social cognition compared to GCE and TAU subjects. These gains in the TCT group will be sustained at 6-month follow-up. 2. GCE subjects will show improvement in problem-solving and global cognition compared to TAU subjects. At 6 month follow-up, GCE subjects will show lower gains in global cognition and verbal learning/memory than TCT subjects. 3. Gains in general cognition and processing speed, and in social cognition in TCT subjects will correlate with improvements on 6-month measures of occupational and social functioning, respectively, as well as internalized stigma. These associations will be significantly greater in TCT subjects vs. GCE or TAU subjects. 4. Symptom ratings will show improvement in all subject groups at 6 months, with no significant between-group differences. 5. At least 70% of randomized clients will complete \>20 hours of training in the TCT and GCE arms. 6. Participants and clinicians will rate the TCT and GCE interventions as equally feasible, tolerable, and acceptable. Participants from this study will also be recruited to participate in an adjunct protocol conducted by Dr. Sophia Vinogradov, titled Is cognitive training neuroprotective in early psychosis? NCT03049800. Data from this project will be analysed with a sister protocol conducted by Dr. Rachel Loewy at the University of California San Francisco, titled Community-Based Cognitive Training in Early Schizophrenia (COTES), NCT01973270.
Interventions
1. Auditory Training Module (20 hours): exercises designed to improve speed and accuracy of auditory processing while engaging working memory and cognitive control. Exercises adjust difficulty level to maintain an \ 80% correct performance. Exercises contain stimuli spanning the acoustic organization of speech. In the initial stages, stimuli exaggerate the rapid temporal transitions by increasing amplitude and stretching in time. The exaggeration is gradually removed so that by the end, all stimuli have characteristics representative of real-world speech. 2. Social Cognition Module (10 hours): exercises designed to improve core deficits of social cognition in psychosis. Exercises apply principles of implicit learning to restore capacity to process and utilize socially-relevant information, and includes training to improve perception of affect (visual/vocal) and social cues (faces, gazes, social situations), theory of mind, self-referential style, emotion labeling and working memory.
DEVICEGeneral Cognitive Exercises
The GCE will focus on executive dysfunction, as this domain is a significant, functionally important area of deficit in schizophrenia and has been the target of many previous studies. We will train this domain using a suite of engaging, adaptive web-based exercises that target executive function, intelligence, and spatial navigation developed by Posit Science. The exercises will be provide engaging, adaptive training as described in the Targeted Cognitive Training.
OTHERCoordinated Specialty Care for First Episode Psychosis
Individuals in this study are receiving care from a coordinated specialty care clinic (CSC) for first episode psychosis. These clinics are following the NAVIGATE treatment model for early psychosis.
Sponsors
University of California, San Francisco
University of Minnesota
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
16 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, psychosis disorder not otherwise specified, or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and started receiving treatment services at a First Episode Psychosis Program within the last two years * Good general physical health * Aged between 16 and 35 years (inclusive) * Fluent in spoken and written English * No neurological disorder (diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder is allowed) * Achieved clinical stability, defined as outpatient status for at least one month prior to study participation, stable doses of psychiatric medications for at least one month prior to study participation * Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding may participate in this study.
Exclusion criteria
* Unable to provide informed consent * Participated in significant cognitive training programs within the last three years * Clinically significant substance abuse that is impeding the subject's ability to participate fully during recruitment, assessment, or training (is unable to remain sober for assessments and training). * Prescribed \>0.5mg daily benztropine (Congentin), \>25mg daily diphenhydramine, or high doses of clozapine (\>500 mg po qd) or olanzapine (to be determined on a case by case basis). * Active suicidal ideation at screening or baseline, or previous intent to act on suicidal ideation with a specific plan, preparatory acts, or an actual suicide attempt within the last 6 months, as indicated by the C-SSRS
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | baseline | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall: A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | Baseline | Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in anticipation of something and consists of 10 items. An example item is: When something exciting is coming up in my life, I really look forward to it. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater anticipatory pleasure. |
| Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | Baseline | Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in the moment and consists of 8 items. An example item is: The smell of freshly cut grass is enjoyable to me. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater consummatory pleasure. |
| Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | Baseline | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall: An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | baseline | A composite T-score of: 1. Symbol Coding from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS): Symbol Coding. Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent uses a key to write digits that correspond to nonsense symbols. 2. Category Fluency: Animal Naming: Oral test in which respondent names as many animals as she/he can in 1 minute. 3. Trail Making Test: Part A: Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent draws a line to connect consecutively numbered circles placed irregularly on a sheet of paper. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 3 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T- score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10\. |
| Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | baseline | Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP): A computer- administered measure of sustained attention in which respondent presses a response button to consecutive matching numbers. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | Basline | Verbal and Visual Working Memory: A composite score of the Letter- Number Span test and the Spatial Span test from the Wechsler Memory Scale®-3rd Ed. (WMS®-III). Letter-Number Span: An orally administered test in which respondent mentally reorders strings of number and letters and repeats them to administrator. Spatial Span: Using a board on which 10 cubes are irregularly spaced, respondent taps cubes in same (or reverse) sequence as test administrator. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 2 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | Baseline | Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R): An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after each of three learning trials. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | baseline | Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-RTM): A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | baseline | Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®): Mazes: Seven timed paper-and-pencil mazes of increasing difficulty that measure foresight and planning. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | baseline | Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test(MSCEIT™ ): Managing Emotions: Paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test that assesses how people manage their emotions. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | baseline | A composite score of the 7 scores listed above: Speed of Processing, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Problem Solving, and Social Cognition. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 7 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10. |
| Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | baseline | Emotion Recognition: Participants are shown a series of 40 faces, one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the face is showing for each trial. There are 5 answer choices: happy, sad, anger, fear and no emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-40 with higher scores corresponding to better performance. |
| Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery Neurobehavioral Test Battery | Baseline | Emotional Prosody Identification: Participants are presented a series of 80 audio clips played one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the audio clip portrayed. There are 5 answer choices: Happy, Sad, Anger, Fearful and No Emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-80 with higher scores corresponding to better performance. |
| Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 6 weeks | Emotional Prosody Identification: Participants are presented a series of 80 audio clips played one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the audio clip portrayed. There are 5 answer choices: Happy, Sad, Anger, Fearful and No Emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-80 with higher scores corresponding to better performance. |
| Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | Baseline | Faux Pas Test: Brief stories are read to the participant, and the participant is asked if someone in the story made a faux pas. This test assesses the ability to infer other peoples' mental states, thoughts and feelings. Scores (i.e. percent correct) range from 0-100% with higher scores corresponding to better performance. |
| Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | baseline | Functioning: This measure assesses quality of life using subjective questions regarding life satisfaction and objective indicators of social and occupational functioning. Participants are asked questions about social and occupational functioning and intrapsychic foundations (e.g. motivation, sense of purpose, curiosity). The assessor provides ratings on a scale of 0-6 (e.g. absent to adequate). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to better functioning. |
| Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | Baseline | Auditory Processing Speed: In Sound Sweeps, participants listen to frequency sweeps-sounds that begin low and rise upward or begin high and fall downward-and identify whether they go up (weep) or down (woop). The sweeps become progressively faster and are separated by shorter interstimulus intervals. The outcome is the threshold reached by the participant which is the fastest interstimulus interval (in milliseconds) at which the participant correctly performed. Scores ranged from 24-1000 milliseconds with lower scores indicating better performance. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Social Functioning Scale | Baseline | Social Functioning: This measure assesses social skills and functioning in 7 domains: Withdrawal, Interaction, Pro-Social, Recreation, Independence- Performance, Independence-Competence, and Occupational. A mean domain score was calculated as the average across all domains. Scaled scores range from 55-145 with higher scores indicating better functioning. |
| Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | Baseline | This measure assesses internalized stigma which occurs when a person adopts stigmatizing assumptions and stereotypes about mental illness. Participants rate 10 statements on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater internalized stigma. |
| UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | Baseline | Functional Capacity: This measure assesses how well everyday tasks are performed in two areas of functioning: communication (e.g. making an emergency call, calling a doctor to reschedule an appointment) and finances (e.g. counting change, reading a utility bill). Scaled scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better performance. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) Neuroadaptive Cognitive Training
Targeted Cognitive Training: 1. Auditory Training Module (20 hours): exercises designed to improve speed and accuracy of auditory processing while engaging working memory and cognitive control. Exercises adjust difficulty level to maintain an \
80% correct performance. Exercises contain stimuli spanning the acoustic organization of speech. In the initial stages, stimuli exaggerate the rapid temporal transitions by increasing amplitude and stretching in time. The exaggeration is gradually removed so that by the end, all stimuli have characteristics representative of real-world speech.
2\. Social Cognition Module (10 hours): exercises designed to improve core deficits of social cognition in psychosis. Exercises apply principles of implicit learning to restore capacity to process and utilize socially-relevant information, and includes training to improve perception of affect (visual/vocal) and social cues (faces, gazes, social situations), theory of mind, self-referential style, emotion labeling and working memory.
Coordinated Specialty Care for First Episode Psychosis: Individuals in this study are receiving care from a coordinated specialty care clinic (CSC) for first episode psychosis. These clinics are following the NAVIGATE treatment model for early psychosis. | 16 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) Neuroadaptive cognitive training
General Cognitive Exercises: The GCE will focus on executive dysfunction, as this domain is a significant, functionally important area of deficit in schizophrenia and has been the target of many previous studies. We will train this domain using a suite of engaging, adaptive web-based exercises that target executive function, intelligence, and spatial navigation developed by Posit Science. The exercises will be provide engaging, adaptive training as described in the Targeted Cognitive Training.
Coordinated Specialty Care for First Episode Psychosis: Individuals in this study are receiving care from a coordinated specialty care clinic (CSC) for first episode psychosis. These clinics are following the NAVIGATE treatment model for early psychosis. | 17 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) Treatment as Usual
Coordinated Specialty Care for First Episode Psychosis: Individuals in this study are receiving care from a coordinated specialty care clinic (CSC) for first episode psychosis. These clinics are following the NAVIGATE treatment model for early psychosis. | 12 |
| Total | 45 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 20.88 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.22 | 20.59 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.37 | 22 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.38 | 21.07 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants | 12 Participants | 7 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 13 Participants | 16 Participants | 8 Participants | 37 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 16 | 0 / 17 | 0 / 12 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 16 | 0 / 17 | 0 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 16 | 3 / 17 | 1 / 12 |
Outcome results
Primary
Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP): A computer- administered measure of sustained attention in which respondent presses a response button to consecutive matching numbers. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 37.38 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.83 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 35.2 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.17 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 34.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.92 |
Primary
Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP): A computer- administered measure of sustained attention in which respondent presses a response button to consecutive matching numbers. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.4 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.52 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 36.89 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.17 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.67 T-score | Standard Deviation 7.37 |
Primary
Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP): A computer- administered measure of sustained attention in which respondent presses a response button to consecutive matching numbers. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 40.6 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 37.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.91 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Attention From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 39.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 3.54 |
Primary
Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment
Auditory Processing Speed: In Sound Sweeps, participants listen to frequency sweeps-sounds that begin low and rise upward or begin high and fall downward-and identify whether they go up (weep) or down (woop). The sweeps become progressively faster and are separated by shorter interstimulus intervals. The outcome is the threshold reached by the participant which is the fastest interstimulus interval (in milliseconds) at which the participant correctly performed. Scores ranged from 24-1000 milliseconds with lower scores indicating better performance.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 275.43 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 357.14 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 124.33 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 70.87 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 181.64 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 169.41 |
Primary
Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment
Auditory Processing Speed: In Sound Sweeps, participants listen to frequency sweeps-sounds that begin low and rise upward or begin high and fall downward-and identify whether they go up (weep) or down (woop). The sweeps become progressively faster and are separated by shorter interstimulus intervals. The outcome is the threshold reached by the participant which is the fastest interstimulus interval (in milliseconds) at which the participant correctly performed. Scores ranged from 24-1000 milliseconds with lower scores indicating better performance.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 166.44 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 165.09 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 103.67 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 59.55 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 99.2 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 89.4 |
Primary
Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment
Auditory Processing Speed: In Sound Sweeps, participants listen to frequency sweeps-sounds that begin low and rise upward or begin high and fall downward-and identify whether they go up (weep) or down (woop). The sweeps become progressively faster and are separated by shorter interstimulus intervals. The outcome is the threshold reached by the participant which is the fastest interstimulus interval (in milliseconds) at which the participant correctly performed. Scores ranged from 24-1000 milliseconds with lower scores indicating better performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 73 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 21.56 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 76.5 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 39.78 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Auditory Processing Speed From the Posit Science Sound Sweeps Assessment | 87.67 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 40.71 |
Primary
Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery
Emotional Prosody Identification: Participants are presented a series of 80 audio clips played one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the audio clip portrayed. There are 5 answer choices: Happy, Sad, Anger, Fearful and No Emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-80 with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 44.63 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 3.96 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 40.89 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 6.85 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 41.67 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 5.2 |
Primary
Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery
Emotional Prosody Identification: Participants are presented a series of 80 audio clips played one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the audio clip portrayed. There are 5 answer choices: Happy, Sad, Anger, Fearful and No Emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-80 with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 41.1 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 6.23 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 43.29 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 6.24 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 41 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
Primary
Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery Neurobehavioral Test Battery
Emotional Prosody Identification: Participants are presented a series of 80 audio clips played one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the audio clip portrayed. There are 5 answer choices: Happy, Sad, Anger, Fearful and No Emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-80 with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 37.94 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 6.41 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 39.64 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 8.83 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Emotional Prosody Identification From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 37.8 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
Primary
Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery
Emotion Recognition: Participants are shown a series of 40 faces, one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the face is showing for each trial. There are 5 answer choices: happy, sad, anger, fear and no emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-40 with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 32.56 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 4.05 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 31.50 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 32.5 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 2.07 |
Primary
Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery
Emotion Recognition: Participants are shown a series of 40 faces, one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the face is showing for each trial. There are 5 answer choices: happy, sad, anger, fear and no emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-40 with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 34.9 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 1.79 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 32.71 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 2.21 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 33.5 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 2.12 |
Primary
Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery
Emotion Recognition: Participants are shown a series of 40 faces, one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the face is showing for each trial. There are 5 answer choices: happy, sad, anger, fear and no emotion. Scores (i.e. correct responses) range from 0-40 with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 34.88 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 3.32 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 32.29 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 2.75 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Emotion Recognition From the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurobehavioral Test Battery | 33.67 Total correct responses | Standard Deviation 3.33 |
Primary
Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind
Faux Pas Test: Brief stories are read to the participant, and the participant is asked if someone in the story made a faux pas. This test assesses the ability to infer other peoples' mental states, thoughts and feelings. Scores (i.e. percent correct) range from 0-100% with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 82.36 Percent | Standard Deviation 13.23 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 89.39 Percent | Standard Deviation 12 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 91.67 Percent | Standard Deviation 5.89 |
Primary
Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind
Faux Pas Test: Brief stories are read to the participant, and the participant is asked if someone in the story made a faux pas. This test assesses the ability to infer other peoples' mental states, thoughts and feelings. Scores (i.e. percent correct) range from 0-100% with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 83.79 Percent | Standard Deviation 6.06 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 89.33 Percent | Standard Deviation 7.99 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 82.78 Percent | Standard Deviation 15.08 |
Primary
Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind
Faux Pas Test: Brief stories are read to the participant, and the participant is asked if someone in the story made a faux pas. This test assesses the ability to infer other peoples' mental states, thoughts and feelings. Scores (i.e. percent correct) range from 0-100% with higher scores corresponding to better performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 79.38 Percent | Standard Deviation 17.3 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 91.24 Percent | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Faux Pas Test Theory of Mind | 81.85 Percent | Standard Deviation 13.27 |
Primary
Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
A composite score of the 7 scores listed above: Speed of Processing, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Problem Solving, and Social Cognition. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 7 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 36.75 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.41 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 35.4 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.56 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 29.6 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.59 |
Primary
Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
A composite score of the 7 scores listed above: Speed of Processing, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Problem Solving, and Social Cognition. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 7 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.96 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 33.78 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.99 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 37.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.95 |
Primary
Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
A composite score of the 7 scores listed above: Speed of Processing, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Problem Solving, and Social Cognition. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 7 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.6 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.82 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 39.63 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.37 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Global Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 45 T-score | Standard Deviation 19.8 |
Primary
Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®): Mazes: Seven timed paper-and-pencil mazes of increasing difficulty that measure foresight and planning. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 40.06 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.81 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 38.67 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 36 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.93 |
Primary
Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®): Mazes: Seven timed paper-and-pencil mazes of increasing difficulty that measure foresight and planning. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 49.3 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.92 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.11 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.01 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 44.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 20.51 |
Primary
Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®): Mazes: Seven timed paper-and-pencil mazes of increasing difficulty that measure foresight and planning. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 46.4 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.34 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.8 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Problem Solving From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 39 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.37 |
Primary
Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning)
Functioning: This measure assesses quality of life using subjective questions regarding life satisfaction and objective indicators of social and occupational functioning. Participants are asked questions about social and occupational functioning and intrapsychic foundations (e.g. motivation, sense of purpose, curiosity). The assessor provides ratings on a scale of 0-6 (e.g. absent to adequate). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to better functioning.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 4.6 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 3.95 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 4.49 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
Primary
Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning)
Functioning: This measure assesses quality of life using subjective questions regarding life satisfaction and objective indicators of social and occupational functioning. Participants are asked questions about social and occupational functioning and intrapsychic foundations (e.g. motivation, sense of purpose, curiosity). The assessor provides ratings on a scale of 0-6 (e.g. absent to adequate). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to better functioning.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 3.69 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 3.75 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 3.72 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
Primary
Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning)
Functioning: This measure assesses quality of life using subjective questions regarding life satisfaction and objective indicators of social and occupational functioning. Participants are asked questions about social and occupational functioning and intrapsychic foundations (e.g. motivation, sense of purpose, curiosity). The assessor provides ratings on a scale of 0-6 (e.g. absent to adequate). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to better functioning.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 4.25 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 3.66 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Quality of Life Scale-Abbreviated (Functioning) | 4.67 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
Primary
Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test(MSCEIT™ ): Managing Emotions: Paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test that assesses how people manage their emotions. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.75 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.27 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 44.24 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.83 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 45.58 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.89 |
Primary
Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test(MSCEIT™ ): Managing Emotions: Paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test that assesses how people manage their emotions. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 46.4 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.19 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.93 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.57 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 47.44 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.68 |
Primary
Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test(MSCEIT™ ): Managing Emotions: Paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test that assesses how people manage their emotions. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.75 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.21 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 44.73 T-score | Standard Deviation 7.86 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Social Cognition From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 52.6 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.18 |
Primary
Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
A composite T-score of: 1. Symbol Coding from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS): Symbol Coding. Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent uses a key to write digits that correspond to nonsense symbols. 2. Category Fluency: Animal Naming: Oral test in which respondent names as many animals as she/he can in 1 minute. 3. Trail Making Test: Part A: Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent draws a line to connect consecutively numbered circles placed irregularly on a sheet of paper. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 3 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T- score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10\.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 49.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.96 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 39.22 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.43 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.57 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.01 |
Primary
Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
A composite T-score of: 1. Symbol Coding from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS): Symbol Coding. Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent uses a key to write digits that correspond to nonsense symbols. 2. Category Fluency: Animal Naming: Oral test in which respondent names as many animals as she/he can in 1 minute. 3. Trail Making Test: Part A: Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent draws a line to connect consecutively numbered circles placed irregularly on a sheet of paper. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 3 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T- score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10\.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 48.4 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.13 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 40.56 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.62 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 51.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 16.26 |
Primary
Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
A composite T-score of: 1. Symbol Coding from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS): Symbol Coding. Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent uses a key to write digits that correspond to nonsense symbols. 2. Category Fluency: Animal Naming: Oral test in which respondent names as many animals as she/he can in 1 minute. 3. Trail Making Test: Part A: Timed paper-and-pencil test in which respondent draws a line to connect consecutively numbered circles placed irregularly on a sheet of paper. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 3 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T- score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10\.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.75 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.75 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.2 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.74 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Speed of Processing From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 24.82 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
Primary
Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure
Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in anticipation of something and consists of 10 items. An example item is: When something exciting is coming up in my life, I really look forward to it. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater anticipatory pleasure.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.08 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.1 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.01 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
Primary
Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure
Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in anticipation of something and consists of 10 items. An example item is: When something exciting is coming up in my life, I really look forward to it. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater anticipatory pleasure.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 3.87 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.09 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.93 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
Primary
Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure
Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in anticipation of something and consists of 10 items. An example item is: When something exciting is coming up in my life, I really look forward to it. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater anticipatory pleasure.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.25 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.17 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS):Reward Sensitivity--Anticipatory Pleasure | 4.42 mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
Primary
Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure
Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in the moment and consists of 8 items. An example item is: The smell of freshly cut grass is enjoyable to me. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater consummatory pleasure.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.89 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.78 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.93 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
Primary
Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure
Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in the moment and consists of 8 items. An example item is: The smell of freshly cut grass is enjoyable to me. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater consummatory pleasure.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.98 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.7 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.86 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
Primary
Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure
Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure: This measure assesses pleasure experienced in the moment and consists of 8 items. An example item is: The smell of freshly cut grass is enjoyable to me. Participants rate how true the statement is for them on a scale of 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater consummatory pleasure.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.66 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.26 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Temporal Experience of Pleasures (TEPS): Reward Sensitivity--Consummatory Pleasure | 4.47 Mean Item Score | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
Primary
Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R): An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after each of three learning trials. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.06 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.17 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.71 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.36 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 36.83 T-score | Standard Deviation 7.85 |
Primary
Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R): An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after each of three learning trials. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.67 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.25 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.73 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.38 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 46.2 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.32 |
Primary
Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R): An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after each of three learning trials. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.6 T-score | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.57 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.08 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Verbal Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 40.22 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.57 |
Primary
Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R)
Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall: An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 42.55 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.54 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 41.15 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.06 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 32.61 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.78 |
Primary
Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R)
Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall: An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 41.32 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.87 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 36.31 T-score | Standard Deviation 20.57 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 38.39 T-score | Standard Deviation 22.17 |
Primary
Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R)
Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall: An orally administered test in which a list of 12 words from three taxonomic categories is presented and the respondent is asked to recall as many as possible after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 40.69 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.18 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 35.73 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.42 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Verbal Memory: Delayed Recall From the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) | 37.61 T-score | Standard Deviation 19.51 |
Primary
Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-RTM): A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 44.4 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.34 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.89 T-score | Standard Deviation 7.41 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 47 T-score | Standard Deviation 15.56 |
Primary
Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-RTM): A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.63 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.25 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.53 T-score | Standard Deviation 6.82 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 36.6 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.66 |
Primary
Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-RTM): A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 42.7 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.65 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.33 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.43 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Visual Learning From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.14 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.99 |
Primary
Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R)
Visual Memory: Delayed Recall: A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 46.48 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.85 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 46.86 T-score | Standard Deviation 13.72 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 43.09 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.62 |
Primary
Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R)
Visual Memory: Delayed Recall: A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 48.67 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.37 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 48.16 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.22 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 46.89 T-score | Standard Deviation 9.56 |
Primary
Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R)
Visual Memory: Delayed Recall: A test that involves reproducing six geometric figures from memory after a 25 minute delay. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 46.62 T-score | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 43.64 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.66 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Visual Memory: Delayed Recall From the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Version (BVMT-R) | 46.16 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
Primary
Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Verbal and Visual Working Memory: A composite score of the Letter- Number Span test and the Spatial Span test from the Wechsler Memory Scale®-3rd Ed. (WMS®-III). Letter-Number Span: An orally administered test in which respondent mentally reorders strings of number and letters and repeats them to administrator. Spatial Span: Using a board on which 10 cubes are irregularly spaced, respondent taps cubes in same (or reverse) sequence as test administrator. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 2 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.75 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.05 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 41.91 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.92 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.8 T-score | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
Primary
Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Verbal and Visual Working Memory: A composite score of the Letter- Number Span test and the Spatial Span test from the Wechsler Memory Scale®-3rd Ed. (WMS®-III). Letter-Number Span: An orally administered test in which respondent mentally reorders strings of number and letters and repeats them to administrator. Spatial Span: Using a board on which 10 cubes are irregularly spaced, respondent taps cubes in same (or reverse) sequence as test administrator. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 2 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.5 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.06 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.29 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.64 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.8 T-score | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
Primary
Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
Verbal and Visual Working Memory: A composite score of the Letter- Number Span test and the Spatial Span test from the Wechsler Memory Scale®-3rd Ed. (WMS®-III). Letter-Number Span: An orally administered test in which respondent mentally reorders strings of number and letters and repeats them to administrator. Spatial Span: Using a board on which 10 cubes are irregularly spaced, respondent taps cubes in same (or reverse) sequence as test administrator. The composite T-score is the average T-score across the 2 measures. T-scores range from 0-100, with higher T-scores corresponding to better performance. A T-score of 50 indicates the population mean (average) with a standard deviation of 10.
Time frame: Basline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 44.13 T-score | Standard Deviation 10.4 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 43.88 T-score | Standard Deviation 11.11 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Working Memory From the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) | 39.17 T-score | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
Secondary
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI)
This measure assesses internalized stigma which occurs when a person adopts stigmatizing assumptions and stereotypes about mental illness. Participants rate 10 statements on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater internalized stigma.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 1.74 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 2.14 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 1.46 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Secondary
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI)
This measure assesses internalized stigma which occurs when a person adopts stigmatizing assumptions and stereotypes about mental illness. Participants rate 10 statements on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater internalized stigma.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 1.76 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 2.11 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 2.04 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
Secondary
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI)
This measure assesses internalized stigma which occurs when a person adopts stigmatizing assumptions and stereotypes about mental illness. Participants rate 10 statements on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). A mean item score is computed as the average rating across all items, with higher mean item scores corresponding to greater internalized stigma.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 1.79 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 1.89 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) | 1.69 Mean item score | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
Secondary
Social Functioning Scale
Social Functioning: This measure assesses social skills and functioning in 7 domains: Withdrawal, Interaction, Pro-Social, Recreation, Independence- Performance, Independence-Competence, and Occupational. A mean domain score was calculated as the average across all domains. Scaled scores range from 55-145 with higher scores indicating better functioning.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Social Functioning Scale | 106.45 subscale score | Standard Deviation 8.09 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Social Functioning Scale | 106.73 subscale score | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Social Functioning Scale | 107.15 subscale score | Standard Deviation 7.71 |
Secondary
Social Functioning Scale
Social Functioning: This measure assesses social skills and functioning in 7 domains: Withdrawal, Interaction, Pro-Social, Recreation, Independence- Performance, Independence-Competence, and Occupational. A mean domain score was calculated as the average across all domains. Scaled scores range from 55-145 with higher scores indicating better functioning.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Social Functioning Scale | 113.33 subscale score | Standard Deviation 5.09 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Social Functioning Scale | 107 subscale score | Standard Deviation 8.49 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Social Functioning Scale | 117.05 subscale score | Standard Deviation 5.89 |
Secondary
Social Functioning Scale
Social Functioning: This measure assesses social skills and functioning in 7 domains: Withdrawal, Interaction, Pro-Social, Recreation, Independence- Performance, Independence-Competence, and Occupational. A mean domain score was calculated as the average across all domains. Scaled scores range from 55-145 with higher scores indicating better functioning.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | Social Functioning Scale | 112.43 subscale score | Standard Deviation 8.06 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | Social Functioning Scale | 107.58 subscale score | Standard Deviation 10.47 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Social Functioning Scale | 121.09 subscale score | Standard Deviation 5.05 |
Secondary
UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity
Functional Capacity: This measure assesses how well everyday tasks are performed in two areas of functioning: communication (e.g. making an emergency call, calling a doctor to reschedule an appointment) and finances (e.g. counting change, reading a utility bill). Scaled scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better performance.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 73.58 Total score | Standard Deviation 12.4 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 73.33 Total score | Standard Deviation 16.48 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 69.14 Total score | Standard Deviation 9.71 |
Secondary
UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity
Functional Capacity: This measure assesses how well everyday tasks are performed in two areas of functioning: communication (e.g. making an emergency call, calling a doctor to reschedule an appointment) and finances (e.g. counting change, reading a utility bill). Scaled scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 76.31 Total score | Standard Deviation 9.24 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 61.05 Total score | Standard Deviation 13.63 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 70.92 Total score | Standard Deviation 14.66 |
Secondary
UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity
Functional Capacity: This measure assesses how well everyday tasks are performed in two areas of functioning: communication (e.g. making an emergency call, calling a doctor to reschedule an appointment) and finances (e.g. counting change, reading a utility bill). Scaled scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better performance.
Time frame: 6 months followup
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 67.86 Total score | Standard Deviation 25.74 |
| General Cognitive Exercises (GCE) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 69.42 Total score | Standard Deviation 6.61 |
| Treatment as Usual (TAU) | UCSF Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA): Functional Capacity | 30.1 Total score | Standard Deviation 41.4 |