Child Behavior Disorders
Conditions
Keywords
Criminal Justice, Juvenile Delinquency
Brief summary
The goal of this Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) is to develop, evaluate, and commercialize a linked parent-youth mobile app system, VillageWhere, to support the key treatment targets of evidence-based treatments for youth with conduct disorders: clear parental expectations, parental monitoring, discipline consistency, and parental support, while simultaneously cultivating intrinsic motivation in youth toward prosocial behaviors. When used in conjunction with an evidence-based treatment for delinquent youth, VillageWhere could help reduce treatment length and cost. When provided in non-evidence-based clinical settings, VillageWhere may increase access to state-of-the-art clinical techniques to those who might not otherwise receive them. Investigators will conduct usability and acceptability tests of new features with target-end-users (youth and their parents) and key stakeholders (i.e., probation officers, clinic administrators). Once usability and acceptability is achieved, investigators will conduct a 16-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing VillageWhere to an attention-control (placebo) mobile app. We expect that across four time points, VillageWhere use will result in greater improvements in parent management practices and youth autonomy support, parent-youth communication and connectedness, youth intrinsic motivation for positive behavior, and youth conduct problems than the placebo. The RCT will occur with 100 parent-youth dyads recruited from various treatment and probation settings, and represent clinically-significant conduct-problems of various clinically-significant severity levels.
Interventions
DEVICEVillageWhere App
VillageWhere is a mobile phone app for use on both Android and iOS platforms by youth with conduct disorders and their parents.
DEVICEAttention-Control Placebo App
Mobile phone app for use on both Android and iOS platforms.
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Evidence-Based Practice Institute, Seattle, WA
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
13 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Parent Inclusion Criteria: * English speaking * owns an Android or iPhone-based smartphone with a data plan, is the primary user of the phone, and uses it on a daily basis * primary caregiver and has legal guardianship (custody) of a youth aged 13-18 with conduct disorder. Parent
Exclusion criteria
* has an open case with child protective services * does not have legal custody of the youth * participated in Phase I project and/or the Phase II formative evaluation Youth Inclusion Criteria: * English speaking * possesses and is the primary user of an Android or iPhone-based smartphone with a data plan * resides in the same household as the linked parent participant at least five days a week * actively (past two weeks) engaging in clinically significant conduct-problem behaviors Note: Youth who have stepped down from a residential treatment or juvenile justice facility in the past month but may not have exhibited conduct problem behavior within the past 2 weeks will also be eligible, provided other criteria are met. Youth
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses parent report of youth rule-breaking, aggressive, anxious/depressed, and drug/alcohol use behaviors. Contains two subscales: rule-breaking (minimum of 0, maximum of 36) and aggressive behavior (minimum of 0, maximum of 34). Higher scores are a worse outcome. |
| Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses youth self-report of rule-breaking, aggressive, anxious/depressed, and drug/alcohol use behaviors. Contains two subscales: rule-breaking (minimum of 0, maximum of 34) and aggressive behavior (minimum of 0, maximum of 36). Higher scores indicate worse outcomes. |
| Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses youth delinquent behaviors. Contains one main scale: the general delinquency scale. There are also several subscales: the status offenses (e.g., ran away from home, purchased alcohol, truant) subscale, the school delinquency subscale (e.g., cheated on tests, damaged school property, got suspended), the minor theft subscale, and the robbery subscale. For all scales, participants reported the number of times in the past two weeks they did a variety of actions; scales were then calculated as the sum of the occurrences. The minimum of each scale was 0 and there was no maximum, since there is no maximum amount participants could have done the actions listed. |
| GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) substance frequency scale assesses youth alcohol and substance use in the last two weeks. Alcohol days are number of days in the past two weeks that youth consumed alcohol. Drunk days are the number of days in the past two weeks that youth were drunk. Marijuana days are number of days in the past two weeks that youth used marijuana. As such, the minimum and maximum values are 0 and 14, respectively, and higher scores mean a worse outcome. |
| Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses youth intrinsic motivation for prosocial behaviors. Contains four subscales: interest/enjoyment (minimum of 7, maximum of 49), perceived competence (minimum of 6, maximum of 42), value/usefulness (minimum of 7, maximum of 49), and effort/importance (minimum of 5, maximum of 35). |
| Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses youth perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling parent behaviors. Contains four subscales: autonomy support, chaos, coercion, and structure. Each subscale has a youth version (minimum 4, maximum 16) and a parent version (minimum 5, maximum 20). Higher scores indicate better outcomes on the autonomy and structure scales and worse outcomes on the chaos and coercion scales. |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses parent perception of life stress. Minimum value is 0, maximum value is 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. |
| Parent Locus of Control Scale | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses parent sense of control/efficacy and supervision of youth. One sub-scale for helplessness and one sub-scale for feeling out of control. Both subscales have a minimum of 10 and maximum of 50. Higher scores are a worse outcome. |
| Loeber Parenting Scale | Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4). | Assesses parent and youth clarity of expectations, discipline consistency/effectiveness, and use of rewards. Subscales are Supervision (minimum of 10 and a maximum of 28 for both the parent and youth scales), Inconsistent Discipline (minimum of 9 and a maximum of 27 for the youth scale, minimum of 5 and maximum of 15 for the parent scales), Reward Use (minimum of 9 and maximum of 27 for both parent and youth scales), and Discipline Effectiveness (minimum of 3 and a maximum of 10 on the parents scale, no youth scale); higher scores mean higher prevalence, lower scores mean infrequency. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
We received 645 dyad referrals. 40 were lost to follow-up, meaning 605 dyads completed the initial screen. 354 of those dyads were ineligible. Of the 251 dyads eligible for the study, 142 were lost to follow-up or dropped (mostly for no longer being interested) before consent. 113 dyads were consented, 110 had youth assent obtained, and 108 were randomized to a condition.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| VillageWhere App Parent-youth dyads assigned to the VillageWhere condition will be asked to use the VillageWhere App that has been developed for this study. Parent and youth will be asked upload the app to their phone during the baseline assessment process and asked to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the 16 week trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day.
VillageWhere App: VillageWhere is a mobile phone app for use on both Android and iOS platforms by youth with conduct disorders and their parents. | 55 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App Parent-youth dyads assigned to the control condition will be asked to use a free placebo control app that is well-liked by parents and youth but void of content already part of an existing evidence-based treatment for youth with conduct problems (e.g., geolocation tracking). Parent and youth will be asked upload the app to their phone during the baseline assessment process and asked to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the 16 week trial.
Attention-Control Placebo App: Mobile phone app for use on both Android and iOS platforms. | 53 |
| Total | 108 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | VillageWhere App | Attention-Control Placebo App | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Arrest (Youth-Only) Has been arrested | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Arrest (Youth-Only) Has not been arrested | 9 Participants | 5 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Education (Parent) 2-year college degree | 10 Participants | 9 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Education (Parent) 4-year college degree | 15 Participants | 9 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Education (Parent) 4-year degree + Masters | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Education (Parent) Completed 10th grade | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Education (Parent) Completed 9th grade | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Education (Parent) High school graduate | 18 Participants | 25 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Education (Parent) Other | 7 Participants | 1 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Education (Parent) PhD, MD, or other doctoral degree | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 10th grade | 5 Participants | 11 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 11th grade | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 5th grade | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 6th grade | 7 Participants | 3 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 7th grade | 9 Participants | 11 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 8th grade | 13 Participants | 9 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Education (Youth) Completed 9th grade | 14 Participants | 14 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Education (Youth) High school graduate | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Employment (Parent-only) Employed | 31 Participants | 38 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Employment (Parent-only) Unemployed | 24 Participants | 14 Participants | 38 Participants |
| Hispanic (Parent) Hispanic | 46 Participants | 3 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Hispanic (Parent) Not Hispanic | 9 Participants | 50 Participants | 59 Participants |
| Hispanic (Youth) Hispanic | 15 Participants | 5 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Hispanic (Youth) Not Hispanic | 40 Participants | 48 Participants | 88 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) $10,001 to $20,000 | 8 Participants | 6 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) $20,001 to $30,000 | 6 Participants | 13 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) $30,001 to $40,000 | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) $40,001 to $50,000 | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) $50,001 to $60,000 | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) $60,000 and above | 17 Participants | 12 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Income (Parent-only) Less than $10,000 | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race American Indian or Alaskan Native | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Black | 8 Participants | 10 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race More than One Race or Other | 10 Participants | 2 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race White | 38 Participants | 35 Participants | 78 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 55 participants | 53 participants | 108 participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Married and living with someone other than teens parent | 5 Participants | 10 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Married and living with teens parent | 18 Participants | 15 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Other | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Separated or divorced/divorcing from someone other than the teens parent | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Separated or divorced/divorcing from the teens parent | 10 Participants | 0 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Single | 12 Participants | 14 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Relationship Status (Parent-only) Single and living with my partner | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Relationship to Teen (Parent-only) Adoptive Parent | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Relationship to Teen (Parent-only) Biological Parent | 49 Participants | 46 Participants | 95 Participants |
| Relationship to Teen (Parent-only) Family Member Other Than Parent | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Relationship to Teen (Parent-only) Grandparent | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Relationship to Teen (Parent-only) Other | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Relationship to Teen (Parent-only) Stepparent | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 25 Participants | 52 Participants | 101 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 30 Participants | 7 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 110 | 0 / 106 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 110 | 0 / 106 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 110 | 0 / 106 |
Outcome results
Primary
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
Assesses parent report of youth rule-breaking, aggressive, anxious/depressed, and drug/alcohol use behaviors. Contains two subscales: rule-breaking (minimum of 0, maximum of 36) and aggressive behavior (minimum of 0, maximum of 34). Higher scores are a worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: The number analyzed differs between rows because of attrition over different timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 1 | 10.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.86 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 1 | 19.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.22 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 3 | 6.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.43 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 2 | 7.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 3 | 11.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.4 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 4 | 7.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.95 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 4 | 10.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.23 |
| VillageWhere App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 2 | 14.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.43 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 4 | 12.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.48 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 1 | 11.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.51 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 2 | 7.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.19 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 3 | 7.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Rule-Breaking Time 4 | 6.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.29 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 1 | 20.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.8 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 2 | 13.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.84 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) | Aggressive Behavior Time 3 | 12.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.5 |
Primary
GAIN Substance Frequency Scale
The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) substance frequency scale assesses youth alcohol and substance use in the last two weeks. Alcohol days are number of days in the past two weeks that youth consumed alcohol. Drunk days are the number of days in the past two weeks that youth were drunk. Marijuana days are number of days in the past two weeks that youth used marijuana. As such, the minimum and maximum values are 0 and 14, respectively, and higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: Number analyzed differs between rows because of attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 1 | .76 Days | Standard Deviation 2.227 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 2 | .15 Days | Standard Deviation 0.573 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 3 | .30 Days | Standard Deviation 0.791 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 4 | .25 Days | Standard Deviation 0.776 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 1 | .51 Days | Standard Deviation 1.999 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 2 | .00 Days | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 3 | .18 Days | Standard Deviation 0.594 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 4 | .05 Days | Standard Deviation 0.316 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 1 | 1.63 Days | Standard Deviation 3.808 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 2 | .54 Days | Standard Deviation 1.951 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 3 | 1.25 Days | Standard Deviation 2.976 |
| VillageWhere App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 4 | .80 Days | Standard Deviation 2.544 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 3 | 1.47 Days | Standard Deviation 3.832 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 1 | .48 Days | Standard Deviation 1.488 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 3 | .16 Days | Standard Deviation 0.531 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 2 | .00 Days | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 2 | 1.13 Days | Standard Deviation 3.307 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 3 | .23 Days | Standard Deviation 0.782 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 4 | .34 Days | Standard Deviation 1.353 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Alcohol Days Time 4 | .12 Days | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 4 | 1.12 Days | Standard Deviation 3.716 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 1 | .17 Days | Standard Deviation 0.734 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Marijuana Days Time 1 | 1.50 Days | Standard Deviation 4.152 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | GAIN Substance Frequency Scale | Drunk Days Time 2 | .00 Days | Standard Deviation 0 |
Primary
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS)
Assesses youth intrinsic motivation for prosocial behaviors. Contains four subscales: interest/enjoyment (minimum of 7, maximum of 49), perceived competence (minimum of 6, maximum of 42), value/usefulness (minimum of 7, maximum of 49), and effort/importance (minimum of 5, maximum of 35).
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: Number analyzed differs between rows because of attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 1 | 18.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.71 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 2 | 20.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 3 | 21.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.96 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 4 | 22.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.2 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 1 | 24.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.64 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 2 | 25.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.2 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 3 | 23.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.21 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 4 | 27.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.95 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 1 | 27.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.06 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 2 | 28.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.74 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 3 | 27.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 4 | 30.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.55 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 1 | 19.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.93 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 2 | 18.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.71 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 3 | 19.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.6 |
| VillageWhere App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 4 | 19.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.76 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 4 | 20.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.91 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 1 | 22.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.18 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 1 | 32.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.92 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 2 | 24.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.8 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 1 | 20.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.91 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 3 | 24.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.62 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 2 | 31.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.9 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Interest/Enjoyment Time 4 | 23.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.31 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 3 | 21.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.61 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 1 | 23.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.78 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 3 | 31.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.27 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 2 | 25.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.43 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Effort/Importance Time 2 | 21.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.01 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 3 | 27.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.66 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Value/Usefulness Time 4 | 31.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.05 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) | Perceived Competence Time 4 | 26.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.71 |
Primary
Loeber Parenting Scale
Assesses parent and youth clarity of expectations, discipline consistency/effectiveness, and use of rewards. Subscales are Supervision (minimum of 10 and a maximum of 28 for both the parent and youth scales), Inconsistent Discipline (minimum of 9 and a maximum of 27 for the youth scale, minimum of 5 and maximum of 15 for the parent scales), Reward Use (minimum of 9 and maximum of 27 for both parent and youth scales), and Discipline Effectiveness (minimum of 3 and a maximum of 10 on the parents scale, no youth scale); higher scores mean higher prevalence, lower scores mean infrequency.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: The number analyzed differs between rows because of attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 4 | 22.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.87 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 2 | 21.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 2 | 21.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.81 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 1 | 8.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.02 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 3 | 21.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.53 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 1 | 26.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.08 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 4 | 22.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.58 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 2 | 7.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.85 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 1 | 5.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.86 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 3 | 22.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.91 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 2 | 6.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 3 | 7.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 3 | 6.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.63 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 1 | 21.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.47 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 4 | 7.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.84 |
| VillageWhere App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 4 | 7.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 4 | 7.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.21 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 1 | 25.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.69 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 2 | 22.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.14 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 3 | 22.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.14 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Supervision Time 4 | 22.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 1 | 8.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.27 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 2 | 7.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 3 | 7.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.37 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Inconsistent Discipline Time 4 | 7.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.34 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 1 | 21.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.43 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 2 | 21.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 3 | 21.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.14 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Reward Use Time 4 | 21.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.77 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 1 | 5.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 2 | 6.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Loeber Parenting Scale | Discipline Effectiveness Time 3 | 6.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.19 |
Primary
Parent Locus of Control Scale
Assesses parent sense of control/efficacy and supervision of youth. One sub-scale for helplessness and one sub-scale for feeling out of control. Both subscales have a minimum of 10 and maximum of 50. Higher scores are a worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: Number analyzed in certain rows differs from overall number analyzed because of attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 1 | 24.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 2 | 22.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.3 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 3 | 22.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.31 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 4 | 21.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.22 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 1 | 32.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.85 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 2 | 31.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.56 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 3 | 29.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.6 |
| VillageWhere App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 4 | 27.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 4 | 27.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.97 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 1 | 24.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.37 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 1 | 34.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.13 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 2 | 22.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.98 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 3 | 29.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.26 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 3 | 22.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.15 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Out of Control Time 2 | 30.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.95 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Parent Locus of Control Scale | Helpless Time 4 | 21.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.33 |
Primary
Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS)
Assesses youth perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling parent behaviors. Contains four subscales: autonomy support, chaos, coercion, and structure. Each subscale has a youth version (minimum 4, maximum 16) and a parent version (minimum 5, maximum 20). Higher scores indicate better outcomes on the autonomy and structure scales and worse outcomes on the chaos and coercion scales.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: Number analyzed in rows differs from overall number analyzed because of separation of youth and parent subscales and attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 1 | 13.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.63 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 2 | 15.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.67 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 3 | 15.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.99 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 4 | 16.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.84 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 1 | 8.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.59 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 2 | 7.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.61 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 3 | 8.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.54 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 4 | 7.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.04 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 1 | 15.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.07 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 2 | 12.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.38 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 3 | 12.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.22 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 4 | 11.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.44 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 1 | 16.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 2 | 16.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.68 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 3 | 16.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.47 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 4 | 17.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.65 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 1 | 9.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.25 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 2 | 9.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.65 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 3 | 9.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 4 | 9.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.05 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 1 | 8.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.15 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 2 | 8.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.96 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 3 | 8.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.03 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 4 | 8.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 1 | 9.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.52 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 2 | 9.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.61 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 3 | 9.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.32 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 4 | 9.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.76 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 1 | 10.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.33 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 2 | 10.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.08 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 3 | 10.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 4 | 9.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 4 | 10.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.37 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 1 | 15.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.17 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 1 | 10.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.37 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 2 | 15.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.87 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 1 | 10.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.54 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 3 | 15.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 2 | 9.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.49 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Autonomy Time 4 | 15.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 1 | 11.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.17 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 1 | 7.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 3 | 10.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.82 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 2 | 8.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.61 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 2 | 9.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.48 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 3 | 7.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.08 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Autonomy Time 4 | 10.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.31 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Chaos Time 4 | 7.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.83 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 3 | 10.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.15 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 1 | 12.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.83 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 1 | 8.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.94 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 2 | 11.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.62 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 3 | 9.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.44 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 3 | 11.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.77 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 2 | 8.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.84 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Coercion Time 4 | 10.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.94 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Structure Time 2 | 10.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.33 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 1 | 16.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.37 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 3 | 7.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.96 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 2 | 16.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.91 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Coercion Time 4 | 9.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.65 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 3 | 17.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.96 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Youth Chaos Time 4 | 8.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.35 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Autonomy Support (PAS) | Parent Structure Time 4 | 16.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
Primary
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Assesses parent perception of life stress. Minimum value is 0, maximum value is 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: The number analyzed differs in the rows because of attrition over time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 1 | 22.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.29 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 2 | 18.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.56 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 3 | 18.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.7 |
| VillageWhere App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 4 | 16.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.06 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 4 | 17.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 1 | 20.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.34 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 3 | 18.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.51 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Time 2 | 19.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.99 |
Primary
Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale
Assesses youth delinquent behaviors. Contains one main scale: the general delinquency scale. There are also several subscales: the status offenses (e.g., ran away from home, purchased alcohol, truant) subscale, the school delinquency subscale (e.g., cheated on tests, damaged school property, got suspended), the minor theft subscale, and the robbery subscale. For all scales, participants reported the number of times in the past two weeks they did a variety of actions; scales were then calculated as the sum of the occurrences. The minimum of each scale was 0 and there was no maximum, since there is no maximum amount participants could have done the actions listed.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: Number analyzed differs between rows because of attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 3 | 1.72 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 3.62 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 2 | .9 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 1.66 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 4 | 1.41 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 3 | 3.74 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 5.87 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 1 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 3 | 0.74 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 1.74 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 2 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 4 | 2.97 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 4.73 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 3 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 4 | .73 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 1.91 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 4 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 2 | 9.03 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 15.8 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 1 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 1 | 6.24 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 21.56 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 2 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 1 | 3.04 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 11.13 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 3 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 2 | 5.18 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 10.83 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 4 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| VillageWhere App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 1 | 16.91 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 64.41 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 4 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 1 | 7.96 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 14 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 2 | 4.29 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 10.14 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 4 | 3.32 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 5.52 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 1 | 2.24 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 3.97 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 2 | .67 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 1.28 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 3 | 1.04 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 2.25 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Status Offenses Time 4 | 1.15 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 2.74 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 1 | 3.41 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 5.71 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 2 | 1.8 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 3 | 1.64 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 3.61 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | School Delinquency Time 4 | 1.39 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 2.87 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 1 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 2 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 3 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Minor Theft Time 4 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 1 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 2 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | Robbery Time 3 | 0 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior Scale | General Delinquency Time 3 | 3.98 Occurrences | Standard Deviation 10.12 |
Primary
Youth Self-Report (YSR)
Assesses youth self-report of rule-breaking, aggressive, anxious/depressed, and drug/alcohol use behaviors. Contains two subscales: rule-breaking (minimum of 0, maximum of 34) and aggressive behavior (minimum of 0, maximum of 36). Higher scores indicate worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline (time 1), 4-week follow-up (time 2), 8-week follow-up (time 3), and 12-week follow-up (time 4).
Population: The number analyzed differs between rows because of attrition over timepoints.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 4 | 11.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 3 | 9.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.41 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 1 | 11.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.66 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 4 | 9.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.38 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 3 | 12.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.6 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 1 | 16.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.5 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 2 | 9.41 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.38 |
| VillageWhere App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 2 | 13.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.54 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 4 | 10.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.86 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 2 | 11.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.79 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 3 | 9.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.29 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 1 | 10.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.87 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 2 | 8.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.34 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 3 | 7.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.38 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Rule-Breaking Time 4 | 7.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.71 |
| Attention-Control Placebo App | Youth Self-Report (YSR) | Aggressive Behavior Time 1 | 15.25 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.05 |