Grief
Conditions
Keywords
bereavement, natural grief, prolonged grief, complicated grief
Brief summary
Psychological distress is a natural reaction following the death of a loved one. Nevertheless, research has shown that for a significant minority of bereaved individuals the grieving process is disturbed. These individuals experience an intense grief reaction that persists across time characterized by longing for the deceased or persistent preoccupation with the deceased. It has been suggested that this intense, persistent grief reaction meets criteria to be considered a distinct mental disorder. Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been proposed to capture this condition and will be included in the forthcoming ICD-11. The proposed project aims to prepare healthcare services to use the diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) by determining the frequency of PDG in a population sample of bereaved spouses and their adult children. It will also identify early predictors of PGD and trajectories of natural and prolonged grief as well as investigate the specificity of PGD in relation to other common loss-related reactions. Thus, the project will provide a prognostic tool to identify individuals with high versus low risk of developing PGD.
Detailed description
BACKGROUND: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a new diagnosis that may occur after the death of a partner, parent, child, or other person close to the bereaved. PGD is characterized by a persistent and pervasive grief response including longing for the deceased or persistent preoccupation with the deceased accompanied by intense emotional pain (e.g. sadness, guilt, anger, denial, blame, difficulty accepting the death). The disorder has been admitted as an official diagnosis in the World Heath Organization's newest diagnostic manual (International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision; ICD-11). When introducing the diagnosis in ICD-11, health care services are obliged to identify and treat PGD. PURPOSE AND AIMS: The primary purpose of the study is to prepare healthcare services to use the diagnosis of PGD. More specifically, the project aims to determine the frequency and structure of PDG in a population sample of bereaved spouses and their adult children. It will also identify early predictors of PGD and common trajectories of natural and prolonged grief as well as investigate the specificity of PGD in relation to other common loss-related reactions. Finally, the project will also assess the socioeconomic costs of PGD by analyzing health data registries. HYPOTHESES: Based on existing bereavement literature and empirical research, the project explores the following hypotheses: 1. High rumination, low levels of mental and physical health, loss of spouse versus loss of parent, and presence of psychopathology at time of loss (T1) will predict degree of PGD symptoms among the bereaved at 6 (T2) and 11 (T3) months post-loss. 2. The majority of bereaved individuals will exhibit a grief trajectory with a gradual decline in PGD symptoms over time, while a significant minority of bereaved individuals will show a trajectory with high levels of PGD symptoms across all measured time-points. 3. PGD, PTSD, depression, and anxiety will be distinct constructs. On a more genereal level. trajectories of grief and in line with the aim of this study, structure and frequency of prolonged grief disorder, and the relationship with PGD and other forms of complicated grief reactions will be analyzed across the timepoints and factors related to grief will be investigated. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURES: Individuals (age 25-85) will be consecutively recruited through the Danish Civil Personal Registry (CPR) from the Central Region of Denmark. After the loss, participants are contacted with a letter of condolence and a brief introduction to the study. Two months post-loss, potential participants are telephoned and invited to participate in the study. Participants are asked to complete self-report questionnaires, respectively at 2 (T1), 6 (T2), 11 (T3), 18 (T4), 26 (T5), months and continue with data collections at 3 (T6), 4 (T7), 5 (T8) and 6 (T9) years post-loss. To meet different needs, participants can choose to fill in the questionnaire online or by postal service. Bereaved individuals constitute a highly vulnerable group with a heightened risk of suicide, social isolation, depression, etc. In the event, participants appear suicidal or particularly distressed (e.g. high score on suicidal ideation) they will be contacted by the researchers and a suicide risk screening is performed.
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTSurvey
Completion of surveys with diagnostic measurements (e.g., PGD, depression, anxiety, PTSD).
Sponsors
University of Aarhus
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
, partner: * Resident in the following municipalities: Aarhus, Favrskov, Horsens, Norddjurs, Odder, Randers, Silkeborg, Skanderborg, Syddjurs * Age 25-85 * Has lost a partner or spouse within the last 5 weeks from inclusion Inclusion Criteria, child: * Resident in the following municipalities: Aarhus, Favrskov, Horsens, Norddjurs, Odder, Randers, Silkeborg, Skanderborg, Syddjurs * Age 18-85 * Has lost a parent or step-parent within the last 5 weeks from inclusion
Exclusion criteria
, all: \- Psychiatric inpatients
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Prolonged grief | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Changes in prolonged grief symptoms measured using the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13; Prigerson et al., 2009) |
| Complicated grief | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Changes in complicated grief symptoms measured using the Inventory of Complicated Grief Revised (ICG-R; Prigerson & Jacobs, 2001) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Post-traumatic stress | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Symptoms of post-traumatic stress are measured using the PTSD checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C; Ruggiero et al., 1999) |
| Depression | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Symptoms of depression are measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10; Radloff, 1977) |
| Mental and physical health | 2, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Levels of mental and physical health are measured using the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12; Ware et al., 1996) |
| Well-being | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Levels of well-being are measured using the World Health Organization-5 (WHO-5; Heun et al., 2001) |
| Generalized anxiety | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Symptoms of generalized anxiety are measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006) |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional expression | 2 months post-loss | Ability of emotional expression are measured using the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE; Burton & Bonanno, 2015) |
| Loneliness | 2, 6, 11, 18, and 26 months post-loss | Levels of loneliness are measured using the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (T-ILS; Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2004) |
| Emotion regulation | 2 months post-loss | Levels of emotion regulation are measured using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003) |
| Rumination | 2, 6, and 11 months post-loss | Levels of rumination are measured using the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) |
| Social support | 2, 6, and 11 months post-loss | Levels of social support are measured using the Crisis Social Support scale (CSS; Joseph, Andrews, Williams, & Yule, 1992) |
| Attachment | 2 months post-loss | Attachment orientations are measured using the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale - short (ECR; Wei et al., 2007) |
| Optimism | 2 months post-loss | Levels of optimism are measured using the Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) |
| Neuroticism | 2 months post-loss | Levels of neuroticism are measured using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised - neuroticism only (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McRae, 2004) |
| Centrality of event | 2, 6, and 11 months post-loss | Levels of centrality of event are measured using the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen & Rubin, 2006) |
Countries
Denmark
Outcome results
None listed