Anhedonia, Depressive Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
depression, anhedonia, reward
Brief summary
This project is designed to examine the neuronal KCNQ2/3 potassium (K+) channel subtype as a novel treatment target for mood disorders through the administration of the KCNQ-selective channel opener ezogabine (Potiga, GlaxoSmithKline; FDA-approved for the treatment of seizure disorders).
Detailed description
Depressive disorders are among the most disabling medical conditions worldwide and currently available treatments fall short of addressing this large public health burden. Dysfunction within the brain reward system is emerging as a core feature of depressive disorders, in particular related to deficits in motivation, interest, and response to pleasure (e.g., anhedonia: markedly diminished response to pleasure). Evidences from a series of preclinical studies from our group highlighted the KCNQ subtype of neuronal potassium (K+) channel as a novel target for the treatment of depressive disorders and our human pilot study showed a reduction in anhedonia and related symptoms, and an increased brain response to reward (as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging \[fMRI\]) following treatment with ezogabine. Building on this data, the current project will assess reward circuit activity following treatment with ezogabine in depressed patients with a current depressive disorder (Major depressive disorder \[MDD\], persistent depressive disorder, other specified depressive disorder) and anhedonia (defined by a score ≥ 20 on the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale \[SHAPS\]), using fMRI to investigate the cortico-striatal circuit to reward. This study represents the first part of the R61/R33 National Institutes of Health (NIH) founded project. A clear increase in reward circuit activation in at least one ezogabine treatment group compared to placebo, given acceptable tolerability, will constitute a go and the project will move to the next phase (R33), where we aim to examine the relationship between treatment, reward circuit activity, and behavioral and clinical outcomes in a larger, confirmatory efficacy trial of ezogabine for depression with anhedonia.
Interventions
DRUGEzogabine
daily for 5 weeks
DRUGPlacebos
placebo pill daily for 5 weeks
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Baylor College of Medicine
James Murrough
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Masking description
Double blind
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Written informed consent obtained from subject and ability for subject to comply with the requirements of the study; * Men and women, age 18-65; * Participants must meet DSM-V criteria for current depressive disorder (major depressive disorder \[MDD\], persistent depressive disorder, other specified depressive disorder) as determined by a study psychiatrist and confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID); * Clinically significant anhedonia as determined by a SHAPS score ≥ 20 at screening; * Current illness severity is at least moderate, defined as a score of ≥4 on the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Scale; * If female of childbearing potential, must agree to use of a medically accepted form of contraception, or else agree to abstinence.
Exclusion criteria
* A primary psychiatric diagnosis other than a depressive disorder as defined by DSM-V \[co-morbid anxiety disorders (including agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are allowed\] or major cognitive disorder; * Meets criteria for a substance or alcohol use disorder in the past 6 months; * Female participants who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or may become pregnant, or unwilling to practice birth control during participation in the study; * Positive urine toxicology screen for drugs of abuse at the time of screening; * Any unstable medical illnesses including hepatic, renal, gastroenterologic, respiratory, cardiovascular (including ischemic heart disease), endocrinologic, neurologic, immunologic, or hematologic disease; * Clinically significant abnormalities of laboratory tests, physical examination, or ECG; * Prolonged QT Interval at screening, operationalized as a QTc of \> 480 ms; * A history of retinal abnormalities (i.e., pigment changes, retinal dystrophy) or findings of retinal pathology on ophthalmological exam at baseline; * Presence of a condition or abnormality that in the opinion of the Investigator would compromise the safety of the patient or the quality of the data; * Use of any dis-allowed medication according to the study protocol; * Serious and imminent risk of self harm or violence as determined by the PI; * Extreme illness severity as defined by a GCI-S score \>6; * Any contraindication to MRI including claustrophobia, any trauma or surgery which may have left magnetic material in the body, magnetic implants or pacemakers, and inability to lie still for 1 hour or more; * History of non-response to electroconvulsive therapy in the current depressive episode * Exceptions: 1. Subjects with a positive urine drug screen for cannabinoids, barbiturates, opiates, amphetamines, or benzodiazepines may be allowed in the study provided that the drug was used for a documented, legitimate medical purpose and/or the use of such products may be discontinued (documented by a negative repeat test) prior to randomization; 2. Medically appropriate episodic use (up to 3 days) of narcotic analgesics for acute medical indications is allowed (Discussion with PI required) * Potential participants will not be discontinued from medication for the purposes of this study. If a patient is taking a protocol dis-allowed medication at the time of screening, the patient may discontinue the medication under the supervision of the treating physician in the case that the patient is not benefiting from the medication or otherwise wishes to discontinue the medication. In no case will a dis-allowed medication be discontinued for the purpose of study participation if the patient is receiving clinical benefit from the medication.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Ventral Striatum (VS) Activation | baseline and 5 weeks | change in activation during reward anticipation within the bilateral VS from baseline (Study Visit 0) to the primary outcome visit (Study Visit 5) as measured by functional MRI during the incentive flanker task (IFT). The IFT, like the Monetary Incentive Delay task, permits discrete modeling of brain activity during anticipation of an incentive. Functional scans were preprocessed and denoised for motion and physiological noise using multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA). Task-based modeling was conducted using AFNI and FSL software. The primary outcome for reward anticipation was the contrast of reward cue compared to neutral cue (reward\>neutral cue). The primary imaging outcome was analyzed using a linear mixed model with a single random intercept term treating time as discrete or continuous as appropriate. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) | baseline and 5 weeks | The SHAPS is a well-validated 14-item self-report questionnaire commonly used to assess anhedonia. Each item on the SHAPS is worded so that higher scores indicate greater pleasure capacity. A total score can be derived by summing the responses to each item. Items answered with strongly agree are coded as 1, while a strongly disagree response was assigned a score of 4. Total scores on the SHAPS can range from 14 to 56, with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of anhedonia. |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) | baseline and 5 weeks | A widely administered clinician rated global measure of the degree of improvement from the initial assessment in subject overall illness severity. 7 point scale rated as: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) | baseline and 5 weeks | Clinician rated global measure of subject overall illness severity. a 7-point scale rated as 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill. |
| Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | baseline and 5 weeks | The TEPS is composed of 18-items rated on a likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Very True for me) to 6 (Very False for me), and yields two subscales. Ten items make up the TEPS-Anticipatory Pleasure (TEPS-ANT) scale with a range from 10 (not motivated) to 60 (highly motivated). The other eight TEPS items make up the TEPS-Consummatory Pleasure (TEPS-CON) scale; range from 8 (not responsive) to 48 (highly responsive). Total scores range is 18-108. Lower scores indicate greater levels of anhedonia. |
| Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | baseline and 5 weeks | A 10-item instrument used for the evaluation of depressive symptoms in adults and for the assessment of any changes to those symptoms. Each items is scored 0 (normal) to 6 (severe depression) with overall score ranges from 0 (normal) to 60 (severe depression). |
| World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) | baseline and 5 weeks | A 12-item generic assessment instrument that measures the level of functioning. Each item is scored from 0 to 4 and the items are summed to provide a total score. The score therefore ranges from 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating greater disability. |
| Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS) | baseline 5 weeks | The SLIPS is a recently developed and validated measure of anhedonia that is tailored to detect recent changes in anhedonia. A 23-item measure, each item range from 0-3. Full scale from 0 to 69, higher score indicates more recent changes. |
| Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) | baseline and 5 weeks | A measure specifically designed to assess hedonic capacity for social and interpersonal pleasure.The ACIPS is a 17-item self-report measure scored on a likert scale, ranging from 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). Full scale from 17-102, higher score indicates higher hedonic capacity |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants recruited from Sept 2017 through August 2019
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Ezogabine Ezogabine up to 900mg/day daily for 5 weeks | 21 |
| Placebo Matching placebo pill daily for 5 weeks | 24 |
| Total | 45 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Discontinued Intervention | 1 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Ezogabine | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Onset of Depression | 28.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.6 | 21.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.5 | 24.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14 |
| Age, Continuous | 44.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.6 | 38.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.3 | 41.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.1 |
| Current Depressive Episode Duration | 72 months | 24 months | 30 months |
| Current Major Depressive Episode | 21 Participants | 22 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Educational Attainment - ast least some college | 15 Participants | 21 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Employment at least Part-Time | 9 Participants | 14 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 11 Participants | 10 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | 4 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Primary Diagnosis Major Depressive Disorder | 21 Participants | 23 Participants | 44 Participants |
| Primary Diagnosis Persistent Depressive Disorder | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black/African American | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic/Latino | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White/Caucasian | 12 Participants | 12 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Relationship Status - Single, Never Married | 8 Participants | 13 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 12 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 23 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 21 | 0 / 24 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 21 / 21 | 19 / 24 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 21 | 0 / 24 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Ventral Striatum (VS) Activation
change in activation during reward anticipation within the bilateral VS from baseline (Study Visit 0) to the primary outcome visit (Study Visit 5) as measured by functional MRI during the incentive flanker task (IFT). The IFT, like the Monetary Incentive Delay task, permits discrete modeling of brain activity during anticipation of an incentive. Functional scans were preprocessed and denoised for motion and physiological noise using multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA). Task-based modeling was conducted using AFNI and FSL software. The primary outcome for reward anticipation was the contrast of reward cue compared to neutral cue (reward\>neutral cue). The primary imaging outcome was analyzed using a linear mixed model with a single random intercept term treating time as discrete or continuous as appropriate.
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Change in Ventral Striatum (VS) Activation | baseline | -0.26 Bold Oxygen-level Dependent (BOLD) Signa | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Ezogabine | Change in Ventral Striatum (VS) Activation | 5 weeks | 0.176 Bold Oxygen-level Dependent (BOLD) Signa | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Placebo | Change in Ventral Striatum (VS) Activation | baseline | 0.95 Bold Oxygen-level Dependent (BOLD) Signa | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Placebo | Change in Ventral Striatum (VS) Activation | 5 weeks | 0.015 Bold Oxygen-level Dependent (BOLD) Signa | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
Secondary
Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS)
A measure specifically designed to assess hedonic capacity for social and interpersonal pleasure.The ACIPS is a 17-item self-report measure scored on a likert scale, ranging from 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). Full scale from 17-102, higher score indicates higher hedonic capacity
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) | baseline | 46.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.1 |
| Ezogabine | Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) | 5 weeks | 65.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.8 |
| Placebo | Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) | baseline | 53.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15 |
| Placebo | Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) | 5 weeks | 59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.5 |
Secondary
Change in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS)
The SHAPS is a well-validated 14-item self-report questionnaire commonly used to assess anhedonia. Each item on the SHAPS is worded so that higher scores indicate greater pleasure capacity. A total score can be derived by summing the responses to each item. Items answered with strongly agree are coded as 1, while a strongly disagree response was assigned a score of 4. Total scores on the SHAPS can range from 14 to 56, with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of anhedonia.
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Change in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) | Baseline | 38.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.1 |
| Ezogabine | Change in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) | 5 weeks | 27.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
| Placebo | Change in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) | Baseline | 33.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6 |
| Placebo | Change in Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) | 5 weeks | 30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.9 |
Secondary
Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I)
A widely administered clinician rated global measure of the degree of improvement from the initial assessment in subject overall illness severity. 7 point scale rated as: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse.
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) | baseline | 4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Ezogabine | Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) | 5 weeks | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) | baseline | 4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) | 5 weeks | 2.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
Secondary
Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S)
Clinician rated global measure of subject overall illness severity. a 7-point scale rated as 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill.
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) | baseline | 4.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Ezogabine | Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) | 5 weeks | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) | baseline | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) | 5 weeks | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
Secondary
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
A 10-item instrument used for the evaluation of depressive symptoms in adults and for the assessment of any changes to those symptoms. Each items is scored 0 (normal) to 6 (severe depression) with overall score ranges from 0 (normal) to 60 (severe depression).
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | baseline | 28.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.1 |
| Ezogabine | Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | 5 weeks | 12.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.7 |
| Placebo | Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | baseline | 26.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Placebo | Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | 5 weeks | 18.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
Secondary
Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS)
The SLIPS is a recently developed and validated measure of anhedonia that is tailored to detect recent changes in anhedonia. A 23-item measure, each item range from 0-3. Full scale from 0 to 69, higher score indicates more recent changes.
Time frame: baseline 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS) | baseline | 32.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.8 |
| Ezogabine | Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS) | 5 weeks | 16.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.7 |
| Placebo | Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS) | baseline | 28.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.4 |
| Placebo | Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS) | 5 weeks | 21.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.8 |
Secondary
Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS)
The TEPS is composed of 18-items rated on a likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Very True for me) to 6 (Very False for me), and yields two subscales. Ten items make up the TEPS-Anticipatory Pleasure (TEPS-ANT) scale with a range from 10 (not motivated) to 60 (highly motivated). The other eight TEPS items make up the TEPS-Consummatory Pleasure (TEPS-CON) scale; range from 8 (not responsive) to 48 (highly responsive). Total scores range is 18-108. Lower scores indicate greater levels of anhedonia.
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-ANT baseline | 26.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
| Ezogabine | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-ANT 5 weeks | 37.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.5 |
| Ezogabine | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-CON baseline | 24.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.1 |
| Ezogabine | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-CON 5 weeks | 32.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6 |
| Placebo | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-CON 5 weeks | 29.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.5 |
| Placebo | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-ANT baseline | 28.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.7 |
| Placebo | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-CON baseline | 25.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.6 |
| Placebo | Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) | TEPS-ANT 5 weeks | 32.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.5 |
Secondary
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0)
A 12-item generic assessment instrument that measures the level of functioning. Each item is scored from 0 to 4 and the items are summed to provide a total score. The score therefore ranges from 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating greater disability.
Time frame: baseline and 5 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ezogabine | World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) | baseline | 15.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.5 |
| Ezogabine | World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) | 5 weeks | 10.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.5 |
| Placebo | World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) | baseline | 16.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.4 |
| Placebo | World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) | 5 weeks | 11.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.8 |