Elderly, Healthy, Young
Conditions
Brief summary
The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength than milk.
Detailed description
Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey. The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly. The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the training intervention. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains than milk.
Interventions
Sponsors
Tine
The Research Council of Norway
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing * Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral * Between 20 and 45, or above 70 years of age
Exclusion criteria
* Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation * Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine) * Lactose intolerance * Allergy to milk * Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Lean mass | Before the training intervention | Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Thigh muscle cross sectional area | Before the training intervention | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area | Before the training intervention | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| Arm cross sectional area | Before the training intervention | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| Thickness of the lateral vasti | Before the training intervention | Measured by ultrasound |
| 1 repetition maximum in leg press | Before the training intervention | — |
| 1 repetition maximum in bench press | Before the training intervention | — |
| Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot |
| Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot |
| Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot |
| Plasma amino acid concentration | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | — |
| Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline | 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints. |
| Serum glucose | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | — |
| Serum insulin | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | — |
| Serum urea | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | — |
| Serum creatine kinase | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | — |
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 6 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 8 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 1b mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 4 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 10 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Interleukin 17D mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Forkhead Box O3 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | — |
| Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Atrogin-1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
| Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly) | Before training intervention | — |
| Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly) | Before training intervention | — |
| Fasting LDL (only in elderly) | Before training intervention | — |
| Fasting HDL (only in elderly) | Before training intervention | — |
| Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | — |
Countries
Norway
Outcome results
None listed