Specific Phobia
Conditions
Keywords
exposure, spider phobia, generalization, extinction
Brief summary
Patients with anxiety disorders oftentimes express fear responses to more than only one fear-inducing object. The principal aim of this study is to examine whether the beneficial effects of exposure on fear reduction in spider phobia can extend to stimuli which are conceptually similar to spiders (i.e. cockroaches), but have never been presented during the respective treatment.
Detailed description
Fear extinction has evolved as the central mechanism underlying exposure-based treatments. Findings from conditioning studies indicate that fear reduction following a fear extinction procedure can generalize from the extinction stimulus to other conceptually and perceptually related stimuli. This study is aimed at translating these findings to a clinical application and will hence examine whether the basic principles of extinction generalization are applicable to exposure. Patients with spider phobia will either receive two sessions of in-vivo exposure with spiders or no treatment. Prior to as well as after treatment, patient's fear of spiders will be assessed using the Behavioral Approach Test (BATs) and self-report questionnaires. In addition, BATs with cockroaches will be conducted to examine the effects of exposure therapy on extinction generalization.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALExposure treatment for spider fear
Two sessions (each session = 60 minutes) of in-vivo exposure treatment (including psychoeducation) with two different spiders. Exposures comprise a hierarchy of 7 steps, to be completed with both spiders.
Sponsors
Ruhr University of Bochum
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* spider phobia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) -IV criteria
Exclusion criteria
* any neurological or neuropsychiatric condition * current behavioral or pharmacological treatment * any mental disorder that is considered more severe than specific phobia
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in the Behavioral Approach Test (BAT) from pre- to posttreatment | Pre- and Posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | Behavioral Approach Tests with Spiders and Cockroaches will be conducted at pre- and posttreatment. Here, the closest proximity a participant is able to attain to the spider/cockroach will be measured. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in the Spider Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ) | Pre- and Posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | — |
| Change in Heart Rate during the Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs) from pre- to posttreatment | Pre- and Posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | During each BAT with spiders and cockroaches, heart rate will be measured. In addition, a 5-minute baseline will be recorded prior to the first BAT at each assessment. |
| Change in the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) | Pre- and Posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | — |
| Change in the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ) | Pre- and Posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | — |
| Change in Subjective Fear / Disgust during the Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs) using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) | Pre-and Posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | Subjective Fear / Disgust during the Behavioral Approach will be assessed at the initial and final approach distances to the spider / cockroach during the respective BATs. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) | Pretreatment (assessed once prior to treatment) | — |
| Questionnaire for the Assessment of Disgust Sensitivity (FEE) | Pretreatment (assessed once prior to treatment) | — |
| Epigenetic / DNA methylation | Pre- and posttreatment (with approximately 4 days between pre- and posttreatment) | DNA collection kits at pre- and posttreatment |
Outcome results
None listed