Breastfeeding, Exclusive, Nutrition Status
Conditions
Keywords
Breastfeeding, Education and support, Ethiopia, Timely initiation of breastfeeding
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to develop and test Breastfeeding Education and Support Intervention for improving timely initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding rate. Infant mortality rates are still high in Ethiopia. Breastfeeding (BF) is regarded as the simplest and least expensive strategy for reduction of infant mortality rates. Ethiopia does not meet the international recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life. Community-based educational and support interventions provided prenatally and postnatally are effective in increasing BF rates. However, there is paucity of such information in Ethiopia.
Detailed description
Sample size was calculated using Sample Size Calculator (SSC) a Windows based software package (93) with the following assumptions: to detect an increase in exclusive breastfeeding for 6 month from 52% to 72% (44), with 95% Confidence Intervals and 80% power, assuming an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 0•1 from Ugandan study (94) for a cluster size of ten, it is calculated that we will need thirty six clusters. Adding 20% of the sample size for loss to follow-up, the final sample size is 432 pregnant women (216 in intervention, and 216 in control). Standard operating procedure will be prepared and used for data collection. Data will be entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 12.0. Frequency distributions will be run to identify outliers. In relation to the trial hypotheses, intervention group will be compared to the routine education using intention to treat analysis. For the outcomes, proportions of women who initiated BF timely and who exclusively breastfed their babies at 72 hours and at 6 month will be compared using odds ratios derived using logistic regression between intervention and control groups. In all analyses, adjustment will be made for clustering at the zone level since randomization was done at cluster level rather than individual level. Generalized linear models will be used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) for the categorical anthropometric outcomes. In the longitudinal analysis, the correlated nature of the data from the repeated measurements will be taken into account by adjusting for repeated measurements in the same individual as well as the above-mentioned design effect resulting from the cluster randomization. A linear mixed effects regression model will be used in the longitudinal analysis of z-scores with cluster as a random effect and the repeated measurements in each child accounted for through a first order autocorrelation structure. Least Squares Means (LSM) are reported at 3, 6 months, corresponding to the scheduled data collection visits.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALBreastfeeding Education and Support
Women Development Army (WDA) leaders will function as peers for mothers in intervention group. There will be two visits during pregnancy and 8 visits postnatally. During pregnancy, WDA leaders will cover in detail the importance of EBF, feeding colostrum first, and discouraging prelacteal foods and encourage the mother to deliver at the nearby health center. During Postnatal visits, mothers will be observed positioning, attaching, and feeding the new-born, with appropriate feedback provided, solving any BF problems, encourage the mothers to continue exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, emphasize nutrition for sufficient breast milk to breastfeed successfully and hands-on guidance only when necessary.
Sponsors
University of Oslo
Jimma University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
15 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
During pregnancy * pregnant women in the third trimester * Live in the selected cluster and * Have no plans to move away during the intervention period * Without psychiatric illness * Capable of giving informed consent and willing to be visited by supervisors and data collectors After delivery * Singleton live birth with no severe malformation that could interfere with breastfeeding
Exclusion criteria
During pregnancy * women with severe psychological illness which could interfere with consent and study participation * Severely ill After delivery * Severely ill or have clinical complications warranting hospitalization * Stillbirth * Infant death or maternal death * Twin gestation * Preterm birth (at \<37 weeks gestation).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Exclusive breastfeeding | at six month | Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (24-h recall) at month one, three and six in the intervention and control clusters. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Timely initiation of breastfeeding | within 72 hours after delivery | Prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding at month one in the intervention and control clusters. |
| Nutritional status | at months 3 and 6 | WHO Child Growth Standards (2006) will be used to estimate anthropometric status at months 3 and 6: weight-for-length z-scores (WLZ), length-for-age z-scores (LAZ) and weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ). Children who had WLZ below-2 (WLZ\<-2) will be considered wasted, those with LAZ below -2(LAZ\<-2) stunted, and those with WAZ below-2(WAZ\<-2) underweight. |
| Knowledge towards breastfeeding | Baseline, at month 3 and 6 | Knowledge towards breastfeeding will be measured using the breastfeeding knowledge questionnaire after validating it. |
| Attitude towards breastfeeding | Baseline, at month 3 and 6 | Attitude towards breastfeeding will be measured using the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) after validating it. |
Countries
Ethiopia
Outcome results
None listed