Circulatory; Change
Conditions
Keywords
flexible ureteroscopy, blood flow
Brief summary
Aim of this study is to investigate the effects of increased intrarenal pressure during flexible ureteroscopy on renal blood flow. Patients undergoing flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) and laser lithotripsy for kidney stones according to European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on Urolithiasis will be included in the study after having signed an informed consent form. The pre- and post-operative evaluation and management will be performed according to EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis. Additionally, as a non-invasive test, bilateral renal power Doppler US will be performed to patients pre- and post-operatively. The pre-operative Doppler US will be performed 2 days prior to surgery and the post-operative Doppler US will be performed in the first 24 hours following surgery. The changes on blood flow in renal artery and arcuate artery will be recorded.
Detailed description
Aim of this study is to investigate the effects of increased intrarenal pressure during flexible ureteroscopy on renal blood flow. Patients undergoing flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for kidney stones according to EAU guidelines on Urolithiasis will be included in the study after having signed an informed consent form. The pre- and post-operative evaluation and management will be performed according to EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis. Additionally, as a non-invasive test, bilateral renal power Doppler US will be performed to patients pre- and post-operatively. The pre-operative Doppler US will be performed 2 days prior to surgery and the post-operative Doppler US will be performed in the first 24 hours following surgery. The changes on blood flow in renal artery and arcuate artery will be recorded. Flexible ureteroscopy has been a key component of kidney stone management in the last 20 years. Even for stones larger than 2 cm, flexible ureteroscopy can be performed with high success and low complication rates. Ureteral access sheaths are key contributors to flexible ureteroscopy as they provide easy and repeated access to upper urinary tract and decreased intrarenal pressures due to easy flow back of the irrigation solution. The increased pressures during flexible ureteroscopy have been an important research area in the last years. Due to irrigation solution and irrigational pumping to provide a clearer vision during flexible ureteroscopy, intrarenal pressures rise and after a certain point pyelo-sinusoidal, pyelo-venous and pyelo-lymphatic backflow starts. It has been shown that this backflow starts when pressure rises above 40 cmH2O (centimeters-water / unit of pressure measurement). Schwalb et al. demonstrated in their study that in kidneys subject to high intrarenal pressure, denudation and flattening of the caliceal urothelium, submucosal edema and congestion are observed. Due to these deleterious effects on urothelium, renal extravasation and bacterial translocation can occur and complications may arise. Renal Doppler US, due to its non-invasive nature, has been widely used to measure localized blood flow in the kidneys, to evaluate hemodynamic parameters in acute kidney injury. Intrarenal backflow and its consequences such as submucosal edema and congestion may decrease blood flow especially around the calyces subject to high pressures and this situation may result in acute kidney injury.
Interventions
PROCEDUREflexible ureteroscopy
Flexible ureteroscopy is an endourological procedure performed for kidney stones. The flexible ureteroscope is a device used to reach the renal cavities through the natural urinary tract in a retrograde fashion. During the operation, irrigation fluid is used to expand the cavities to provide space for movement of the device and also to provide clear vision.
DEVICEDoppler Ultrasound examination
peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV) of the arteries will be measured and then resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) will be calculated.
DEVICElaser lithotripsy
The laser fiber extending into the cavities through the working channel of the ureteroscope is used to fragment the stones. Laser energy is generated by the laser machine and transmitted to the stones via the laser fiber.
Sponsors
Marmara University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
DIAGNOSTIC
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients between ages 18-65 * Patients undergoing flexible ureteroscopy + laser lithotripsy according to EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnant patients * Patients with already-diagnosed urological malignancies * Patients ineligible for flexible ureteroscopy due to concomitant co-morbidities
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Peak Systolic Velocities (PSV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation | Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. PSV is the maximum velocity in the renal and arcuate arteries in the systolic phase of each heart pulse. |
| End Diastolic Velocities (EDV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation | Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. EDV is the velocity in the renal and arcuate arteries at the end of the diastolic phase of each heart pulse. |
| Resistive Index (RI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation | Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. Resistive index is calculated as the difference between PSV and EDV, divided by PSV \[(PSV - EDV) / (PSV)\]. An increased resistive index can be considered as a marker of intrarenal arterial stiffness and is associated with worsening of renal function and tubulointersitial damage. |
| Pulsatility Index (PI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation | Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. Pulsatility index is calculated as the difference between PSV and EDV, divided by the mean velocity \[(PSV - EDV) / ((PSV + EDV) / 2)\]. Pulsatility index is used to discriminate between renal and pre-renal causes of acute kidney injury which can alter the therapeutic options in the clinical setting. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Operative Characteristics - Intraoperative Complications | 1 hour after the operation | The number of patients that has experienced any kind of intraoperative complications during the flexible ureteroscopy operation. |
| Technical Details - Size of Ureteral Access Sheath | 1 hour after the operation | The size of access sheaths will be given in French measurement. E.g. 10/12 Fr |
| Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | The data will be recorded within 1 month after each procedure. | The number of patients that had a complication in the first 1 month after the operation according to the Clavien Dindo Grading system (0-5). Clavien Dindo Grading ranges from 0 (mildest) to 5 (most severe). 0. No complications 1. Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside 2. Complications requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included 3. Complications requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention 4. Life-threatening complications (including CNS complications) requiring IC/ICU management 5. Death |
| Technical Details - Name of Flexible Ureteroscope | 1 hour after the operation | Each ureteroscope has unique characteristics. So, every ureteroscope that will be used, will be recorded with its name. E.g. Storz Flex-X2, Olympus V1, Wolf Cobra |
| Duration of the Flexible Ureteroscopy Operation | 10 minutes after the operation | the data about the duration of the operation that will be performed for each patient and the data will be recorded in minutes. |
| Operative Characteristics - Irrigation Pressure | 1 hour after the operation | The pressure that is applied to the irrigation solution which is circulated through the ureteroscope that is used to expand the renal cavities during a flexible ureteroscopy operation. the data will be collected in cmH2O. This pressure value is a constant value and it doesn't change throughout the length of the procedure. |
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm findings of patients undergoing flexible ureteroscopy + laser lithotripsy for renal stones according to EAU Guidelines
Flexible ureteroscopy is an endourological procedure performed for kidney stones. flexible ureteroscope is a device used to reach the renal cavities through the natural urinary tract in a retrograde fashion. During operation, irrigation fluid is used to expand the cavities to provide space for movement of the device and to provide clear vision.
Doppler Ultrasound examination: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV) of the arteries will be measured and then resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) will be calculated.
laser lithotripsy: The laser fiber extending into the cavities through the working channel of the ureteroscope is used to fragment the stones. Laser energy is generated by the laser machine and trans | 46 |
| Total | 46 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 41.24 years |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) units: kg/m2 | 26.49 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.97 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 32 Participants |
| Stone volume | 1685 mm3 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 3 / 46 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 46 |
Outcome results
Primary
End Diastolic Velocities (EDV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters.
Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. EDV is the velocity in the renal and arcuate arteries at the end of the diastolic phase of each heart pulse.
Time frame: The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | End Diastolic Velocities (EDV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | pre-operative EDV | 12.3 cm/s |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | End Diastolic Velocities (EDV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | post-operative EDV | 12 cm/s |
Primary
Peak Systolic Velocities (PSV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters.
Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. PSV is the maximum velocity in the renal and arcuate arteries in the systolic phase of each heart pulse.
Time frame: The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Peak Systolic Velocities (PSV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | pre-operative PSV | 30.65 cm/s |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Peak Systolic Velocities (PSV) Measurement by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | post-operative PSV | 31.85 cm/s |
Primary
Pulsatility Index (PI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters.
Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. Pulsatility index is calculated as the difference between PSV and EDV, divided by the mean velocity \[(PSV - EDV) / ((PSV + EDV) / 2)\]. Pulsatility index is used to discriminate between renal and pre-renal causes of acute kidney injury which can alter the therapeutic options in the clinical setting.
Time frame: The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Pulsatility Index (PI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | post-operative PI | 0.89 unitless |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Pulsatility Index (PI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | pre-operative PI | 0.89 unitless |
Primary
Resistive Index (RI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters.
Doppler US will be performed at two times: 2 days prior to surgery and within the first 24 hours following F-URS to show the change between the pre-operative and post-operative periods. Doppler examination includes renal arteries and arcuate arteries. For each patient, the following parameters are measured: peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arteries. The unit for PSV and EDV is cm/sec. RI and PI doesn't have a unit, they are quantitative measures calculated from PSV and EDV. Resistive index is calculated as the difference between PSV and EDV, divided by PSV \[(PSV - EDV) / (PSV)\]. An increased resistive index can be considered as a marker of intrarenal arterial stiffness and is associated with worsening of renal function and tubulointersitial damage.
Time frame: The doppler examination will be performed 2 days before surgery and the change will be assessed within 1 day of the operation. So, the initial evaluation will be performed and change of values will be assessed 72 hours after the initial evaluation
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Resistive Index (RI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | pre-operative RI | 0.59 unitless |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Resistive Index (RI) Calculation by Renal Doppler Ultrasound (US) Examination Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-URS) on Renal Blood Flow by Demonstrating the Change Between the Pre-operative and Post-operative Parameters. | post-operative RI | 0.59 unitless |
Secondary
Duration of the Flexible Ureteroscopy Operation
the data about the duration of the operation that will be performed for each patient and the data will be recorded in minutes.
Time frame: 10 minutes after the operation
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Duration of the Flexible Ureteroscopy Operation | 62.2 min | Standard Deviation 22.4 |
Secondary
Operative Characteristics - Intraoperative Complications
The number of patients that has experienced any kind of intraoperative complications during the flexible ureteroscopy operation.
Time frame: 1 hour after the operation
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Operative Characteristics - Intraoperative Complications | 5 participants |
Secondary
Operative Characteristics - Irrigation Pressure
The pressure that is applied to the irrigation solution which is circulated through the ureteroscope that is used to expand the renal cavities during a flexible ureteroscopy operation. the data will be collected in cmH2O. This pressure value is a constant value and it doesn't change throughout the length of the procedure.
Time frame: 1 hour after the operation
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Operative Characteristics - Irrigation Pressure | 50 cmH2O |
Secondary
Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications
The number of patients that had a complication in the first 1 month after the operation according to the Clavien Dindo Grading system (0-5). Clavien Dindo Grading ranges from 0 (mildest) to 5 (most severe). 0. No complications 1. Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside 2. Complications requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included 3. Complications requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention 4. Life-threatening complications (including CNS complications) requiring IC/ICU management 5. Death
Time frame: The data will be recorded within 1 month after each procedure.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | Grade 0 | 41 Participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | Grade 2 | 1 Participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | Grade 3 | 0 Participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | Grade 4 | 1 Participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | Grade 1 | 3 Participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Post-Operative Characteristics - Complications | Grade 5 | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Technical Details - Name of Flexible Ureteroscope
Each ureteroscope has unique characteristics. So, every ureteroscope that will be used, will be recorded with its name. E.g. Storz Flex-X2, Olympus V1, Wolf Cobra
Time frame: 1 hour after the operation
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Technical Details - Name of Flexible Ureteroscope | Storz Flex X2 | 41 participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Technical Details - Name of Flexible Ureteroscope | Storz Flex XC | 5 participants |
Secondary
Technical Details - Size of Ureteral Access Sheath
The size of access sheaths will be given in French measurement. E.g. 10/12 Fr
Time frame: 1 hour after the operation
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Technical Details - Size of Ureteral Access Sheath | 9.5/11.5 Fr | 28 participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Technical Details - Size of Ureteral Access Sheath | 10/12 Fr | 9 participants |
| Flexible Ureteroscopy Arm | Technical Details - Size of Ureteral Access Sheath | 12/14 Fr | 9 participants |