Binge Eating, Body Image, Bone Mineral Density, Low, Susceptibility to, Depression, Dietary Amenorrhea, Dietary Deficiency, Eating Disorder, Exercise Addiction, Exercise-Related Amenorrhea, Perfectionism, Resting Metabolic Rate
Conditions
Keywords
Body composition, Bone mineral density, Binge Eating, Eating Disorder, Exercise Dependency, Depression, Perfectionism, Body building, Drive for Muscularity, Drive for leanness
Brief summary
Fitness athletes emphasize the value of staying lean, muscular and defined, and motivates and inspires followers through social media. We want to study the effect of such lifestyle on selected aspects of psychological and physical health in female fitness athletes, and compare the outcomes to a healthy, physically active female population.
Detailed description
Little is known about the mental and physical health effect from following the modern, idealized fitness lifestyle. The lifestyle is characterized by selective and restrictive eating behavior, strength training and use of supplements. The athletes emphasize the value of staying lean, muscular and defined, and motivates and inspires followers through social media. This study will recruit and observe a group of competitive female fitness athletes over their typical 3 month dieting period when preparing for contest. Before their contest diet is initiated, the athletes will be screened on selected aspects of psychological and physical health. The screening is repeated two weeks prior to their first seasonal contest, and then finally one month post-contest season. During the diet period of 3 months, the athletes answers brief questionnaires by email on eating- and training behavior and on mood, while also reporting dietary intake by telephone interview. Recreational physically females, not planning to do any fitness contest, will be recruited to serve as a parallel control group. They will perform the same physical and psychological screening, and answer the same questionnaires throughout the fitness contest diet period.
Interventions
OTHERPsychological health
Observing and measuring baseline, and changes in, psychological health through a fitness contest preparation period
OTHERPhysiological health
Observing and measuring baseline, and changes in, physiological health through a fitness contest preparation period
Sponsors
National Dairy Council
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Fitness athletes: planning to compete in fitness sport during spring or fall 2017 * Controls: being regular physically active (exercise \>2 times/week during last year) with a BMI between 17,5-30
Exclusion criteria
* Controls: having competed in fitness sports previously or planning to do in the future, or working as a personal trainer. * Not able to meet at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences for baseline and follow up screenings. * Being pregnant or nursing * Metabolic related diseases
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Body composition | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for lean body mass and fat mass, measured with Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Resting Metabolic Rate | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to posttest, for resting metabolic rate, measured with indirect calorimetry |
| Bone Mineral Density | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for bone mineral density measured with Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA) |
| Perfectionism | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Comparing scores on perfectionism between case and controls, and individual changes in scores through study period, with Child Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS 22 items) |
| Depression | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on depressive mood, measured with Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) |
| Eating disorders | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-q) |
| Eating behavior; binge eating | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Binge Eating Scale (BES) |
| Eating behavior; restrictive eating and sensation of hunger | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) |
| Menstrual Status, self-reported | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for self-reported menstruation health (Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire, LEAF) |
| Dietary intake, weighed diet registration | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Change in dietary intake. Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with weighed dietary registration and analysed with national analytical software (Kostholdsplanleggeren.no) |
| Exercise dependency | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Exercise Dependency Scale (EDS) |
| Body Weight, history | Retrospective | Reporting lowest and highest bodyweight after 18 yr's of age (excluding periods of pregnancy) |
| Dietary intake, 24-hour recall interview | Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test) | Changes in energy and nutrient intake during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with dietary 24-hour recall interview and analysed with national analytical software (Kostholdsplanleggeren.no) |
| Menstrual cycle, self reported | Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test) | Self reported menstrual bleeding's during the dieting period of fitness athletes (LEAF) |
| Eating disordered behavior | Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test) | Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with the behavioral aspects of EDE-q |
| Eating behavior; binge eating behavior | Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test) | Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with BES |
| Training volume, self reported | Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test) | Reporting number of training sessions pr week and type of exercise (endurance related exercise or strength training) |
| Training history, self reported | Retrospective | Reporting experience with training, giving details on specific sport activity and typical intensity |
| Dietary Supplements | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest), and each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test) | Reporting usage of dietary supplements during the dieting period |
| Eating disorders, history | Retrospective | Reporting previous eating disorder and whether treatment were recieved or not |
| Drive for Muscularity | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Drive for Muscularity (DM) (McCreary & Sasse 2000) |
| Drive for Leanness | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Drive for Leanness (DL) (Smolak & Murnen 2008) |
| Reason for Exercise | Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest) | Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Reason for Exercise Inventory (REI) |
Countries
Norway
Outcome results
None listed