Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With Exparel Verus Continuous Epidural Analgesia With Bupivacaine

Opioid consumption will be measured as the total amount of opioids (converted to morphine sulfate equivalents) used during the 72 hours after the end of surgery.

Time frame: During the 72 hours after discharge from the PACU.

Population: Two patients had missing outcomes due to the cancellation of surgery in Epidural analgesia with Bupivacaine group.

Pain scores will be measured using a Verbal Response Scale (VRS). VRS is a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 signifies no pain and 10 signifies the worst pain ever experienced. The VRS will be recorded every 4 hours for 72 hours after discharge from the PACU. Summary statistics of pain scores are reported as means ± standard deviations of average pain during the first 72 postoperative hours

Time frame: The Verbal Response Scale was recorded every 4 hours for 72 hours after discharge from the PACU.

Population: Two patients had missing outcomes due to the cancellation of surgery in Epidural analgesia with Bupivacaine group.

defined as the total duration of time patients spent sitting or standing, as determined by the mobile monitoring system during the initial 72 postoperative hours.

Time frame: During the initial 72 postoperative hours.

Visi mobile patient monitoring system will be used to obtain the blood pressure of the patient for 72 hours. Data was recorded at 15-s intervals and downloaded daily to a laptop. We re-defined postoperative hypotension as any MAP \<65 mmHg, because few patients experienced such profound hypotension as originally planned and because papers published since the trial were designed to identify 65 mmHg as the harm threshold for both myocardial and renal injury. Summary statistics of hemodynamic instability are reported as means ± standard deviations of average MAP during the first 72 postoperative hours.

Time frame: Data was recorded at 15-s intervals during the initial 72 postoperative hours.

The length of hospital stay will be measured as days.

Time frame: From date of hospital admission until the date of hospital discharge or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 100 weeks

We will use 4-point Opioid-Related Symptom Distress Scale (ORSDS) to evaluate the frequency, severity, and bothersomeness of: nausea, vomiting, constipation, difficulty passing urine, difficulty concentrating,drowsiness or difficulty staying awake, feeling lightheaded or dizzy,feeling confused, feelings of general fatigue or weakness, itchiness, dry mouth, and headache. Severity: 1=Slightly severe 2=Moderately severe 3=Severe 4=Very severe; Frequency: 1=Rarely 2=Occasionally 3=Frequently 4=Almost constantly; Bothersomeness (rescaled to a 4-point scale): 0.8=not at all 1.6=a little bit 2.4= somewhat 3.2=quite a bit 4.0=very much. If a patient did not experience the symptom in the past 24 hours, a score of 0 was assigned to each domain. Opioid-related side effect is the sum of the patient's frequency, severity, and bothersomeness, scored from 0 to 12. Higher scores indicate greater severity.

Time frame: The first, second and third postoperative mornings

Quality of recovery (QoR) will be measured using QoR-15 questionnaire which includes 15 11-point numerical rating scale. For positive items, 0 = none of the time \[poor\] to 10 = all of the time \[excellent\]; Conversely, for negative items, 10 = none of the time \[excellent\] to 0 = all of the time \[poor\]. Quality of recovery is the sum of all the 15 questions, with a score ranging from 0 (extremely poor QoR) to 150 (excellent QoR).

Time frame: The first and third postoperative mornings

ViSi mobile (Sotera Wireless) patient monitoring system will be used to obtain vital signs including SpO2 of the patient for 72 hours. Data was recorded at 15-s intervals and downloaded daily to a laptop. The outcome is area-under-the-curve for saturation over time with the threshold set at 90%.

Time frame: Data was recorded at 15-s intervals during the initial 72 postoperative hours.

Defined by the presence of pain at three months and its characteristics as determined by Modified Brief Pain Inventory (MBPI) questionnaires. The modified BPI contains 4 intensity items and 5 interference items with 0-to-10 numerical rating scales. For intensity items: 0 = no pain and 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine.; and for interference items, 0 = does not interfere and 10 = interferes completely. The pain intensity is the sum of the patient's worst, average, least, and current pain intensity, with a score ranging from 0 (no pain) to 40 (pain as bad as you can imagine); and pain Interference is the sum of walking ability, mood, sleep, relations with others, and ability to concentrate, with a score ranging from 0 (does not interfere) to 50 (interferes completely).

Time frame: At the 90-day follow up

Defined by the presence of pain at three months and its characteristics as determined by Modified Brief Pain Inventory (MBPI) questionnaires. The modified BPI contains 4 intensity items and 5 interference items with 0-to-10 numerical rating scales. For intensity items: 0 = no pain and 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine.; and for interference items, 0 = does not interfere and 10 = interferes completely. The pain intensity is the sum of the patient's worst, average, least, and current pain intensity, with a score ranging from 0 (no pain) to 40 (pain as bad as you can imagine); and pain Interference is the sum of walking ability, mood, sleep, relations with others, and ability to concentrate, with a score ranging from 0 (does not interfere) to 50 (interferes completely).

Time frame: At the 90-day follow up