Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Conditions
Keywords
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Chiropractic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Primary care shared visit
Brief summary
Effects of manual medicine or cognitive behavioral therapy with chronic uncontrolled diabetes within a shared primary care visit. An evaluation of the effectiveness of manual therapy vs cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) vs traditional primary care visit care is in need.
Detailed description
Integrating cognitive behavioral health nutritional therapy (hereafter CBT) and primary care services plays an important role in healthcare outcomes and the prevalence of chronic disorders treated in primary care. The Center of Disease Control has published some disturbing numbers: 9.3% of the U.S. population is affected by diabetes. Ninety-five percent of these individuals will receive treatment from their primary care provider, less than 5% will consult with a dietitian or behavioral health provider. Diabetes is projected to triple in the US despite numerous treatment options and greatly increased medical resources devoted to this problem. There is need for treatments that demonstrate an effectiveness that is low risk and wide spread. A person's state of mind can play an important role in physical and psychosocial health conditions such as diabetes. Depression and diabetes share a bidirectional association. A recent meta-analysis reported that depressed individuals have a 60% increased risk of developing diabetes. An association was found between the risks of developing diabetes and non-severe depression, persistent depression, and untreated depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy, among others, has demonstrated effectiveness for a variety of chronic conditions. By implementing a shared visit with primary care we encourage the advancement of this new approach. A focus on stress reduction by using mindfulness to encourage patients to think of their body as a whole and heal through not only the use of CBT, but with nutrition and manual therapy. Demonstrating the beneficial effects CBT has on uncontrolled diabetes will offer another psychosocial treatment option for the large number of suffering US residents. CBT and other mindfulness-based interventions have been recognized as helpful for a range of conditions including chronic pain. However, only 1 large randomized clinical trial (RCT) has evaluated CBT for chronic low back pain, and that trial was limited to older adults. This clinical trial also includes chiropractic manipulative treatment (CMT) with uncontrolled diabetes patients. This study is unique due to the lack of any pre-existing trials of this nature. CMT has demonstrated improvement in physical function. A compromise of the peripheral nervous system is a common long-term complication of diabetes. In severe cases, this can lead to limb amputations and sudden cardiac death secondary to autonomic polyneuropathy. Proper recognition of the musculoskeletal manifestations of patients with diabetes will aid the treating chiropractor and alert them to the possible neurological consequences of diabetes.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALCBT/CMT
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT - training to change nutritional thoughts and behaviors) and Chiropractic Manipulative Therapy (CMT - High Velocity, low amplitude chiropractic manipulation) were delivered in average total 8 visits in a year. The interventions were comparable in format (individual visit), duration (30 minute visits), frequency (monthly), and number of participants per group (see intervention details). Each intervention was delivered according to a protocol in which all instructors were trained. (Figure 3: Chiropractic/Behavioral health and Primary care Integration Protocol.) Routine care varied with patient complaints at the time of visit.
OTHERControl group traditional primary care
No change in care usually given
Sponsors
Community Wellness Center, West Linn, OR
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Hemoglobin A1c above 9%
Exclusion criteria
* 0-18 years old
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| hemoglobin A1c | One year | lab values (\[hemoglobin A1c\]; range, 1-20% |
| Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) | One year | 31 questions with three categories version 3.0 done at one year |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9 | One year | PHQ-9; range, 0-27; higher scores indicate greater severity).15 The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. 14 The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) -IV criteria as 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed