Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
Drug Therapy
Brief summary
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether treatment with pioglitazone is associated with risk of incident cancer at the 10 most common sites in a cohort of participants with recognized diabetes.
Detailed description
The study enroll a large population of approximately 252467 participants. The study would analyze association of cancer and pioglitazone in 2 cohorts based on the usage of pioglitazone. Participants in were originally planned to be followed-up from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2005. Based on the discussion with advisory board, it was recommended to increase the study population and duration of follow-up. The follow-up period was extended to June 30, 2012 for the study. This multi-center trial was conducted in the United States of America. The overall time to participate in this study was approximately 15.5 years. Participants were followed-up from January 1, 1997 up to June 30, 2012 for the assessment of cancer risk associated with pioglitazone use.
Interventions
DRUGPioglitazone
Participants with diabetes who were members of the KPNC registry, and had received at least 2 prescriptions for pioglitazone within a 6-month period were followed up to 15.5 years (1997-2012) in this observational study 1.
Sponsors
Takeda
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. has been in the KPNC diabetes registry Diabetes Mellitus (DM) registry, aged 40 years or older and are members of KPNC as of January 1, 1997, or 2. has been in the DM registry, reached aged 40 years between January 1, 1997 and June 30, 2005 and are KPNC members on their 40th birthday, or 3. has joined KPNC after January 1, 1997, aged 40 years or older when they are identified by the DM registry between January 1, 1997 and June 30, 2005.
Exclusion criteria
1. Age less than (\<) 40 years during study period. 2. No KPNC medication benefits at the time of entry into the cohort (baseline) or gap in medication benefit greater than equal to (\>=) 4 months that started in the first 4 months after entering in the cohort. 3\. Gap in KPNC membership \>= 4 months that started in the first 4 months after entering in the cohort. 4\. Participant with a diagnosis of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 5. Participants with evidence of selected surgeries for some cancer sites. 6. All prevalent cancers at baseline, that is, all participants ever diagnosed with cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with ever use of pioglitazone. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the relative hazard of the 10 most common cancers associated with ever use of pioglitazone. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale. |
| Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | 15 years 5 months | Number of 10 most common cancer cases are reported in this measure: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with duration of pioglitazone. The duration of pioglitazone was categorized as \<12 months, 12-23 months, 24-35 months, 36-59 months, 60+ months. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the cumulative duration. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale. |
| Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | The 10 most common cancer cases included: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with duration of pioglitazone. The duration of pioglitazone was categorized as \<12 months, 12-23 months, 24-35 months, 36-59 months, 60+ months. |
| Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with time since first use of pioglitazone. The various times since initiation include \<12 months ago, 12-23 months ago, 24-35 months ago, 36-47 months ago, 48-83 months ago and 84+ months ago. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the time since first use. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale. |
| Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | The 10 most common cancer cases included: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with dose of pioglitazone. The various doses include 1-9000 mg, 9001-25000 mg, 25001-50000 mg and \>=50001 mg. |
| Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with dose of pioglitazone. The various doses include 1-9000 mg, 9001-25000 mg, 25001-50000 milligram (mg) and greater than or equal to (\>=) 50001 mg. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the dose. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale. |
| Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | 15 years 5 months | Number of 10 most common cancer cases: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with time since first use of pioglitazone. Time since initiation of pioglitazone was categorized as \<12 months ago, 12-23 months ago, 24-35 months ago, 36-47 months ago, 48-83 months ago and 84+ months ago. |
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants took part in the study at 2 investigative sites in the United States from 01 July 1997 to 30 June 2012.
Pre-assignment details
Participants with a historical diagnosis of T2DM with pioglitazone exposure identified from the Kaiser Permanente of Northern California(KPNC) Diabetes Registry were enrolled in this observational study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Ever User of Pioglitazone Ever user of pioglitazone was defined as having filled 2 prescriptions for the drug within a 6-month period. | 38,190 |
| Never User of Pioglitazone Never user of pioglitazone, which included participants receiving no diabetes medications, with fewer than 2 pioglitazone prescription fills in a 6-month period, and with use of diabetes medications other than pioglitazone. | 198,317 |
| Total | 236,507 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Ever User of Pioglitazone | Never User of Pioglitazone |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 59.0 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 | 55.6 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.4 | 59.7 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.2 |
| Baseline Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) >=10.0% | 38226 Participants | 8390 Participants | 29836 Participants |
| Baseline Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.0-7.9% | 41173 Participants | 6594 Participants | 34579 Participants |
| Baseline Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7.0 percent (%) | 70699 Participants | 6832 Participants | 63867 Participants |
| Baseline Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.0-8.9% | 22485 Participants | 4514 Participants | 17971 Participants |
| Baseline Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 9.0-9.9% | 15793 Participants | 3451 Participants | 12342 Participants |
| Baseline Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Missing | 48131 Participants | 8409 Participants | 39722 Participants |
| Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure | 13672 Participants | 1070 Participants | 12602 Participants |
| Congestive Heart Failure Missing | 222835 Participants | 37120 Participants | 185715 Participants |
| Income High | 103509 Participants | 17125 Participants | 86384 Participants |
| Income Low | 127386 Participants | 20379 Participants | 107007 Participants |
| Income Missing | 5612 Participants | 686 Participants | 4926 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 23598 Participants | 3667 Participants | 19931 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian or Pacific Islander | 32332 Participants | 5695 Participants | 26637 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 26698 Participants | 5144 Participants | 21554 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Missing | 22843 Participants | 2838 Participants | 20005 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic white | 118358 Participants | 18717 Participants | 99641 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 12678 Participants | 2129 Participants | 10549 Participants |
| Renal function Elevated creatinine | 17729 Participants | 1495 Participants | 16234 Participants |
| Renal function Missing | 32792 Participants | 7219 Participants | 25573 Participants |
| Renal function Normal creatinine | 185986 Participants | 29476 Participants | 156510 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 110184 Participants | 17632 Participants | 92552 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 126323 Participants | 20558 Participants | 105765 Participants |
| Smoking Current smoking | 45330 Participants | 7929 Participants | 37401 Participants |
| Smoking Missing | 191177 Participants | 30261 Participants | 160916 Participants |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis 0-4 years | 157044 Participants | 22835 Participants | 134209 Participants |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis >= 10 years | 20293 Participants | 2993 Participants | 17300 Participants |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis 5-9 years | 12702 Participants | 3148 Participants | 9554 Participants |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis Missing | 46468 Participants | 9214 Participants | 37254 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone
The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with ever use of pioglitazone. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the relative hazard of the 10 most common cancers associated with ever use of pioglitazone. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate | 1.13 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri | 0.88 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic | 1.41 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis | 0.95 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Breast | 1.00 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus | 1.00 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Colon | 0.91 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 1.00 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum | 0.81 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma | 1.15 Ratio |
Primary
Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases
Number of 10 most common cancer cases are reported in this measure: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Kidney/Renal Pelvis | 110 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Colon | 233 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 120 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Corpus Uteri | 118 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Pancreatic | 164 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Melanoma | 102 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Rectum | 59 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Prostate | 476 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Breast | 320 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Lung/Bronchus | 282 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Prostate | 3307 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Lung/Bronchus | 2300 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Melanoma | 594 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Colon | 1844 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Kidney/Renal Pelvis | 690 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 839 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Pancreatic | 648 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Corpus Uteri | 799 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Breast | 2478 Cases |
| Never User of Pioglitazone | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases | Rectum | 570 Cases |
Secondary
Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone
The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with dose of pioglitazone. The various doses include 1-9000 mg, 9001-25000 mg, 25001-50000 milligram (mg) and greater than or equal to (\>=) 50001 mg. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the dose. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: >=50001 mg | 1.00 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: 1-9000 mg | 0.89 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: 9001-25000 mg | 0.95 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: >=50001 mg | 1.19 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 1-9000 mg | 0.98 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 9001-25000 mg | 0.91 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 25001-50000 mg | 0.97 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: >=50001 mg | 1.12 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: >=50001 mg | 0.79 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 25001-50000 mg | 0.67 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: >=50001 mg | 0.87 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 1-9000 mg | 1.50 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 9001-25000 mg | 1.10 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 25001-50000 mg | 1.46 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: >=50001 mg | 1.61 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 25001-50000 mg | 0.86 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: >=50001 mg | 1.05 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 1-9000 mg | 0.84 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 9001-25000 mg | 0.76 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 25001-50000 mg | 0.75 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: >=50001 mg | 0.82 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 1-9000 mg | 1.20 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 9001-25000 mg | 1.26 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 25001-50000 mg | 1.03 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: >=50001 mg | 1.14 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 1-9000 mg | 1.08 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 9001-25000 mg | 1.24 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 25001-50000 mg | 1.12 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: 25001-50000 mg | 1.15 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: 1-9000 mg | 0.87 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: 9001-25000 mg | 0.86 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: 25001-50000 mg | 0.97 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 1-9000 mg | 0.92 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 9001-25000 mg | 1.16 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 25001-50000 mg | 1.02 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: >=50001 mg | 0.66 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 1-9000 mg | 1.02 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 9001-25000 mg | 0.90 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 1-9000 mg | 0.83 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 9001-25000 mg | 1.03 Ratio |
Secondary
Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone
The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with duration of pioglitazone. The duration of pioglitazone was categorized as \<12 months, 12-23 months, 24-35 months, 36-59 months, 60+ months. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the cumulative duration. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: <12 months | 0.84 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 12-23 months | 1.07 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: <12 months | 0.90 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 12-23 months | 0.98 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 60+ months | 1.12 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 36-59 months | 0.78 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 60+ months | 0.73 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 24-35 months | 0.96 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: <12 months | 0.87 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 24-35 months | 0.80 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 36-59 months | 0.58 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 60+ months | 0.89 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 24-35 months | 1.06 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: <12 months | 1.00 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 12-23 months | 1.30 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 24-35 months | 1.07 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 36-59 months | 1.18 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 60+ months | 1.16 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 24-35 months | 1.01 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 36-59 months | 1.06 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 60+ months | 1.25 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 24-35 months | 0.96 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 36-59 months | 1.06 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: <12 months | 0.86 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 12-23 months | 0.88 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 24-35 months | 1.03 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 36-59 months | 0.66 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 60+ months | 1.05 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: <12 months | 0.93 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 12-23 months | 1.25 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 24-35 months | 1.08 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 36-59 months | 0.72 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 60+ months | 0.89 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: <12 months | 1.01 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 12-23 months | 0.83 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 24-35 months | 0.97 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: <12 months | 1.48 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 12-23 months | 1.19 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 24-35 months | 1.03 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 36-59 months | 1.63 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 60+ months | 1.53 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: <12 months | 0.92 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 12-23 months | 0.81 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 36-59 months | 0.99 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 60+ months | 1.03 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 12-23 months | 0.78 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: <12 months | 1.06 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 12-23 months | 1.59 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 36-59 months | 0.80 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 60+ months | 1.46 Ratio |
Secondary
Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone
The hazard ratio of the 10 most common cancers: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with time since first use of pioglitazone. The various times since initiation include \<12 months ago, 12-23 months ago, 24-35 months ago, 36-47 months ago, 48-83 months ago and 84+ months ago. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to provide point and interval estimates of the time since first use. In all regression analyses, these measures of exposure to pioglitazone were treated as time-dependent covariates and time since entry into the cohort was the time scale.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 24-35 months ago | 1.21 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 36-47 months ago | 1.04 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: <12 months ago | 0.62 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 12-23 months ago | 0.79 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: <12 months ago | 1.15 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 12-23 months ago | 1.44 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: <12 months ago | 0.91 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 48-83 months ago | 0.99 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 84+ months ago | 0.94 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: <12 months ago | 2.27 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 12-23 months ago | 1.31 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: <12 months ago | 0.75 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 12-23 months ago | 0.59 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 48-83 months ago | 1.01 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 36-47 months ago | 1.27 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 48-83 months ago | 0.60 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 12-23 months ago | 1.37 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 84+ months ago | 1.47 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: <12 months ago | 0.92 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 12-23 months ago | 1.18 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 36-47 months ago | 1.36 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 48-83 months ago | 1.04 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 84+ months ago | 1.23 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: <12 months ago | 1.00 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 12-23 months ago | 0.84 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 24-35 months ago | 1.04 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 36-47 months ago | 0.77 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 48-83 months ago | 1.03 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 84+ months ago | 1.38 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: <12 months ago | 0.82 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 12-23 months ago | 1.12 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 24-35 months ago | 1.13 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 48-83 months ago | 0.95 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 84+ months ago | 0.96 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 24-35 months ago | 1.35 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 36-47 months ago | 0.81 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 48-83 months ago | 0.97 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 84+ months ago | 0.79 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 24-35 months ago | 0.92 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 36-47 months ago | 0.79 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 48-83 months ago | 0.70 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 84+ months ago | 0.98 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 12-23 months ago | 0.97 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 24-35 months ago | 0.65 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 36-47 months ago | 0.90 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 24-35 months ago | 1.13 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 36-47 months ago | 1.28 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 48-83 months ago | 1.14 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 84+ months ago | 1.39 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 24-35 months ago | 1.14 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 36-47 months ago | 1.16 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 84+ months ago | 0.90 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: <12 months ago | 0.67 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 12-23 months ago | 0.65 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 24-35 months ago | 1.02 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 84+ months ago | 0.87 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: <12 months ago | 1.03 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 24-35 months ago | 1.02 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 36-47 months ago | 1.45 Ratio |
| Full Cohort | Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 48-83 months ago | 0.96 Ratio |
Secondary
Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone
The 10 most common cancer cases included: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with dose of pioglitazone. The various doses include 1-9000 mg, 9001-25000 mg, 25001-50000 mg and \>=50001 mg.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1.The unexposed arm was not planned to be analyzed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 1-9000 mg | 129 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 9001-25000 mg | 167 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 25001-50000 mg | 109 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Prostate: >=50001 mg | 71 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: 1-9000 mg | 92 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: 9001-25000 mg | 98 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: 25001-50000 mg | 77 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Breast: >=50001 mg | 53 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 1-9000 mg | 90 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 9001-25000 mg | 81 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 25001-50000 mg | 61 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: >=50001 mg | 50 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: 1-9000 mg | 72 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 9001-25000 mg | 38 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 25001-50000 mg | 19 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: >=50001 mg | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 1-9000 mg | 52 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 9001-25000 mg | 39 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 25001-50000 mg | 38 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: >=50001 mg | 32 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 1-9000 mg | 28 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 9001-25000 mg | 34 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: 9001-25000 mg | 70 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: 25001-50000 mg | 56 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Colon: >=50001 mg | 35 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 1-9000 mg | 34 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 9001-25000 mg | 44 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 25001-50000 mg | 28 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: >=50001 mg | 14 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 1-9000 mg | 43 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 1-9000 mg | 28 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 9001-25000 mg | 37 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 25001-50000 mg | 23 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: >=50001 mg | 22 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 1-9000 mg | 20 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 9001-25000 mg | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 25001-50000 mg | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Rectum: >=50001 mg | 9 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 25001-50000 mg | 21 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: >=50001 mg | 19 Cases |
Secondary
Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone
The 10 most common cancer cases included: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with duration of pioglitazone. The duration of pioglitazone was categorized as \<12 months, 12-23 months, 24-35 months, 36-59 months, 60+ months.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1. The unexposed arm was not planned to be analyzed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 36-59 months | 17 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 60+ months | 16 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: <12 months | 54 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 24-35 months | 72 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 24-35 months | 41 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 36-59 months | 56 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 60+ months | 42 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 24-35 months | 20 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 36-59 months | 36 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 60+ months | 25 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: <12 months | 118 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 12-23 months | 121 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 36-59 months | 99 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 60+ months | 66 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: <12 months | 88 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 12-23 months | 75 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 24-35 months | 47 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 36-59 months | 61 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Breast: 60+ months | 49 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: <12 months | 83 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 12-23 months | 60 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: <12 months | 72 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 12-23 months | 48 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 24-35 months | 40 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 36-59 months | 33 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Colon: 60+ months | 40 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: <12 months | 35 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 12-23 months | 32 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: <12 months | 43 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 12-23 months | 24 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 24-35 months | 19 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 36-59 months | 19 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 60+ months | 13 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 12-23 months | 28 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 24-35 months | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: <12 months | 32 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 12-23 months | 20 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 24-35 months | 17 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 36-59 months | 23 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 60+ months | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: <12 months | 21 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 12-23 months | 13 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 24-35 months | 9 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 36-59 months | 8 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 60+ months | 8 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: <12 months | 25 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 12-23 months | 29 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 24-35 months | 14 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 36-59 months | 14 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 60+ months | 20 Cases |
Secondary
Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone
Number of 10 most common cancer cases: prostate, female breast, lung/bronchus, endometrial, colon, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, kidney/renal pelvis, rectal, and melanoma associated with time since first use of pioglitazone. Time since initiation of pioglitazone was categorized as \<12 months ago, 12-23 months ago, 24-35 months ago, 36-47 months ago, 48-83 months ago and 84+ months ago.
Time frame: 15 years 5 months
Population: Analysis population included T2DM participants who were identified from the KPNC Diabetes Registry in the study 1. The unexposed arm was not planned to be analyzed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 84+ months ago | 69 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: <12 months ago | 42 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 84+ months ago | 67 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: <12 months ago | 32 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 12-23 months ago | 48 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 24-35 months ago | 45 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 36-47 months ago | 37 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 48-83 months ago | 75 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Lung/Bronchus: 84+ months ago | 45 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: <12 months ago | 22 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 12-23 months ago | 30 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 24-35 months ago | 47 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 36-47 months ago | 26 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 48-83 months ago | 71 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Colon: 84+ months ago | 37 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: <12 months ago | 21 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 12-23 months ago | 26 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 36-47 months ago | 15 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 48-83 months ago | 36 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 84+ months ago | 21 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: <12 months ago | 33 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 12-23 months ago | 22 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 24-35 months ago | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 84+ months ago | 31 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: <12 months ago | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 12-23 months ago | 10 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 24-35 months ago | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 36-47 months ago | 17 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 48-83 months ago | 35 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Kidney/Renal Pelvis: 84+ months ago | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: <12 months ago | 8 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 12-23 months ago | 8 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 24-35 months ago | 11 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 24-35 months ago | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 36-47 months ago | 16 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 48-83 months ago | 24 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: <12 months ago | 10 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 12-23 months ago | 18 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: <12 months ago | 55 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 12-23 months ago | 82 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Melanoma: 84+ months ago | 22 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 24-35 months ago | 76 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 36-47 months ago | 75 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Prostate: 48-83 months ago | 119 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 12-23 months ago | 42 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 24-35 months ago | 47 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 36-47 months ago | 31 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Breast: 48-83 months ago | 91 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 24-35 months ago | 16 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 36-47 months ago | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 48-83 months ago | 24 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 84+ months ago | 21 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: <12 months ago | 14 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 12-23 months ago | 20 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Corpus Uteri: 24-35 months ago | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 36-47 months ago | 19 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Pancreatic: 48-83 months ago | 41 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 36-47 months ago | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 48-83 months ago | 12 Cases |
| Full Cohort | Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone | Rectum: 84+ months ago | 8 Cases |