Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Childhood Developmental Disorders, Pervasive, Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
sulforaphane, glucoraphanin, physiologic effects of drugs
Brief summary
The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to determine if a nutritional supplement containing broccoli sprout and seed extracts, a rich source of sulforaphane, is effective in reducing core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study will also explore the safety and tolerability of a sulforaphane supplement in young men with ASD, as well as its effects on challenging neuropsychiatric symptoms that are commonly associated with ASD, such as hyperactivity, irritability, and repetitive movements.
Detailed description
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 68 children, including 1 in 42 boys, characterized by marked social communication impairment and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. Evidence-based pharmacological treatments available for the treatment of the defining symptoms of ASD are currently lacking. While the etiology of ASD is not fully understood, the pathogenesis is hypothesized to involve cellular dysfunction, including increased oxidative stress, aberrant neuroinflammation, and reduced mitochondrial capacity, leading to synaptic dysfunction in at least a subset of individuals. Sulforaphane is a powerful upregulator of antioxidant response elements and heat shock proteins, which may lead to improved redox capacity, decreased inflammation, and improved mitochondrial functioning in individuals with ASD. A trial by Singh and colleagues (2014) provided preliminary evidence suggesting that sulforaphane derived from broccoli sprout extract can have beneficial effects for improving symptoms of autism. In this study, young men ages 13-30 years old with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder will be randomly assigned to receive either a sulforaphane supplement or placebo for a 12 week treatment treatment period, followed by a 4 week blinded discontinuation phase. The uncoated tablets each contain 125 mg broccoli seed extract and 50 mg broccoli sprout extract, corresponding to approximately 15 µmol sulforaphane per tablet. The dose will vary from 3-8 tablets daily depending upon the participant's weight. Matched placebo tablets contain only inert ingredients A serum sample will be collected prior to starting treatment and at the end of the treatment phase to quantify sulforaphane metabolites. Clinical response will be assessed through clinician- and caregiver-rated measures of autism symptoms (Social Responsiveness Scale-2; Repetitive Behavior Scale- Revised), challenging symptoms commonly observed in individuals with developmental disabilities (Aberrant Behavior Checklist), and global severity of symptoms and improvement (Clinical Global Impression Scale). A blood sample will be collected at baseline and at the end of the treatment phase to check safety labs, and a saliva sample will be collected at baseline for a future study of genetic biomarkers associated with treatment response.
Interventions
DRUGSulforaphane
The investigational medicinal product is an uncoated tablet containing both glucoraphanin and myrosinase, the enzyme that converts glucoraphanin to sulforaphane in vivo. Participants in this arm will take 3-8 tablets by mouth once daily (dose depending upon weight) for 12 weeks.
DRUGPlacebo
Placebo tablets are uncoated and matched in appearance to the investigational medicinal product, containing inert components. Participants in this arm will take 3-8 tablets by mouth once daily (dose depending upon weight) for 12 weeks.
Sponsors
North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
13 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Males between ages 13-30 (inclusive) at the time of the consent * Primary diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), confirmed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) criteria and meeting the autism cut-off score of 9 or greater on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2) * Participant is capable of giving written informed consent or has a legally authorized representative (LAR) with sufficient capacity to provide written informed consent on the participant's behalf. * Participant has a reliable informant (parent or caregiver) who has sufficient past and current knowledge of the subject and will oversee the administration of study medication and accompany the subject to each study visit. * Participant and caregiver have reliable means of transportation to attend study visits.
Exclusion criteria
* Chronic medical illness that is not stable or would pose a risk to the participant if he participates in the trial * History of clinical seizures within the 12 months preceding study enrollment * Known genetic disorder that is presumed to be the cause of autism spectrum disorder (eg., Fragile x syndrome, tuberous sclerosis) * Changes to psychopharmacological medications (e.g., stimulants, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics) in the 4 weeks preceding study enrollment * Significant changes to non-pharmacological treatments for ASD in the 4 weeks preceding study enrollment * Chronic treatment with anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., ibuprofen, NSAIDs, corticosteroids) * Clinically significant laboratory abnormalities at Screening visit (e.g., AST/ALT\> two times the upper normal limits; serum creatinine \> 1.2 mg/dl, TSH outside normal limits) * Clinically significant findings on physical examination that investigator determines could increase risk of harm from participating in the study * Participated in another clinical interventional trial or received an investigational product in the 30 days preceding study enrollment * Previous therapeutic trial of sulforaphane or participation in a clinical trial in which sulforaphane was the investigational agent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Baseline | Baseline | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 4 | Week 4 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 8 | Week 8 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 12 | Week 12 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 16 | Week 16 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Motivation subscale measures the degree to which a participant is motivated to participate in social interactions. This subscale comprises 11 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 11 to 44. A higher score represents a greater motivation to participate in social interaction. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors subscale assesses the participant's level of stereotypy and circumscribed interests. This subscale comprises 12 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 12 to 48. A higher score represents a greater level of stereotypy and circumscribed interests. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Social Withdrawal subscale assesses the participant's level social withdrawal. This subscale comprises 16 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 48. A higher score represents a greater level of social withdrawal. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Hyperactivity subscale assesses the participant's level hyperactivity and non-compliance. This subscale comprises 16 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 48. A higher score represents a greater level of hyperactivity/non-compliance. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Inappropriate Speech subscale assesses the participant's use of inappropriate speech. This subscale comprises 4 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 12. A higher score represents a greater use of inappropriate speech. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Stereotypy subscale assesses the participant's level of stereotypic behavior. This subscale comprises 7 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 21. A higher score represents a greater level of stereotypic behavior. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Irritability subscale assesses the participant's level of irritability. This subscale comprises 15 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 45. A higher score represents a greater level of irritability. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The CGI-Severity (CGI-S) scale is a 7-point, clinician-rated scale providing an overall assessment of patient functioning relative to other patients with a similar diagnosis (1=not at all ill to 7=severely ill). A higher score indicates a higher level of severity of psychopathology. This scale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The clinician-rated CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) scale rates overall improvement or worsening of illness (ie, ASD) relative to baseline. The CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) scale rates overall improvement or worsening of illness (ie, ASD) relative to baseline. Possible scores on this scale range from 1-6 with the following assigned values: 1 = Very Much Improved; 2 = Much Improved; 3 = Minimally improved; 4 = No change; 5 = Minimally worse; 6= Much worse. A higher score indicates worsening of illness (ie, ASD), whereas a lower score indicates improvement of illness. This scale was measured at Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. In this measure, the number of participants in each treatment arm determined by the study physician to be Much Improved or Very Much Improved (indicative of meaningful clinical improvement) were counted. |
| Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The RBS-R is a 43-item, informant-based questionnaire designed to quantify a range of restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRB) observed in ASD. Scores for each item range from 0 = Behavior does not occur to 3 = Behavior occurs and is a severe problem. Thus the total range is 0 to 129. A higher score indicates a higher breadth of repetitive behaviors. This scale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Mean Hemoglobin Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the hemoglobin value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Hematocrit Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the hematocrit value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the mean corpuscular volume value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the mean corpuscular hemoglobin value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the red blood cell distribution width value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Platelets Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the platelets value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Absolute Neutrophils Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the absolute neutrophils value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Absolute Lymphocytes Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the absolute lymphocytes value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Absolute Monocytes Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the absolute monocytes value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Absolute Eosinophils Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the absolute eosinophils value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Absolute Basophils Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the absolute basophils value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Sodium) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's sodium levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Potassium) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's potassium levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Chloride) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's chloride levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Bicarbonate) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's bicarbonate levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Blood Urea Nitrogen) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's blood urea nitrogen levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Creatinine) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's creatinine levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Serum Chemistries (Glucose) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's glucose levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Alanine Transaminase) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's level of liver function through measure of alanine transaminase (ALT). This liver function test value was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Aspartate Transaminase) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's level of liver function through measure of aspartate transaminase. This liver function test value was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Total Bilirubin) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's level of liver function through measure of total bilirubin. This liver function test value was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's value of thyroid stimulating hormone. This hormone value was measured at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's weight (lbs). This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's height (centimeters). This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Awareness subscale measures a participant's ability to recognize social cues. This subscale comprises 8 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 8 to 32. A higher score represents a greater ability to recognize social cues. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | This measure assesses the change in the patient's heart rate (beats per minute). This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Cognition subscale measures a participant's ability to interpret social behavior. This subscale comprises 12 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 12 to 48. A higher score represents a greater ability to interpret social behaviors. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16 | The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Communication subscale measures a participant's ability to assess reciprocal communication in social situations. This subscale comprises 22 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 22 to 88. A higher score represents a greater ability to assess reciprocal communication. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. |
| Mean Red Blood Cell Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the red blood cell value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
| Mean White Blood Cell Value | Baseline, Week 12 | This measure assesses the white blood cell value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Sulforaphane Participants will take a sulforaphane supplement 3-8 tablets daily, with dose depending upon body weight. Each tablet contains 125 mg broccoli seed powder and 50 mg broccoli sprout extract, providing approximately 15 µmol sulforaphane.
The weight-based dosing schedule is as follows:
3 tablets (approx. 46.5 µmol SF) if \<100 lb; 5 tablets (approx. 77.5 µmol SF) if 100-125 lb; 6 tablets (approx. 93 µmol SF) if 126-175 lb; 7 tablets (approx. 108.5 µmol SF) if 176-199 lb; 8 tablets (approx. 124 µmol SF) if ≥ 200 lb | 24 |
| Placebo Participants in this arm will take placebo tablets that are identical in shape, size, and color to the sulforaphane tablets. The number of tablets taken per day corresponds to the weight-based schedule described for the sulforaphane arm. | 24 |
| Total | 48 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Sulforaphane | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 16 Participants | 15 Participants | 31 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 8 Participants | 9 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 16.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 | 17.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1 | 17.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 23 Participants | 22 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 19 Participants | 21 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 24 Participants | 24 Participants | 48 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 24 Participants | 24 Participants | 48 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 24 | 0 / 24 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 14 / 24 | 14 / 24 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 24 | 0 / 24 |
Outcome results
Primary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Baseline
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Baseline | 75.6 T-score | Standard Error 7.4 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Baseline | 72.6 T-score | Standard Error 4.6 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the least-square mean of sulforaphane's SRS-2 T-score minus the least-square mean of placebo group's T-score is 0.p-value: 0.331Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 12
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90.
Time frame: Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 12 | 75.3 T-score | Standard Error 7.4 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 12 | 72.9 T-score | Standard Error 4.6 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the least-square mean of sulforaphane's SRS-2 T-score minus the least-square mean of placebo group's T-score is 0.p-value: 0.442Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 16
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90.
Time frame: Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 16 | 75.5 T-score | Standard Error 7.4 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 16 | 72.7 T-score | Standard Error 4.6 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the least-square mean of sulforaphane's SRS-2 T-score minus the least-square mean of placebo group's T-score is 0.p-value: 0.373Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 4
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90.
Time frame: Week 4
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 4 | 74.1 T-score | Standard Error 7.4 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 4 | 74.1 T-score | Standard Error 4.6 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the least-square mean of sulforaphane's SRS-2 T-score minus the least-square mean of placebo group's T-score is 0.p-value: 0.98Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 8
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2 provides a T-score that is scaled such that the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. Higher scores indicate a higher presence and severity of autistic social impairment. A T-score of 76 or higher is considered severe. T-scores between 66 and 75 are considered as moderate. T-scores between 60 and 65 are considered mild. A T-score below 60 is considered typical. The theoretical range of a T-score is 10 to 90. The actual range of the SRS-2 in this study is 45 to 90.
Time frame: Week 8
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 8 | 73.7 T-score | Standard Error 7.4 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Total Score at Week 8 | 74.5 T-score | Standard Error 4.6 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the least-square mean of sulforaphane's SRS-2 T-score minus the least-square mean of placebo group's T-score is 0.p-value: 0.797Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech)
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Inappropriate Speech subscale assesses the participant's use of inappropriate speech. This subscale comprises 4 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 12. A higher score represents a greater use of inappropriate speech. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 4 | 3.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 12 | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 8 | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 16 | 3.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Baseline | 3.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 16 | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Baseline | 2.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 4 | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 8 | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Inappropriate Speech) | Week 12 | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
Secondary
Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability)
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Irritability subscale assesses the participant's level of irritability. This subscale comprises 15 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 45. A higher score represents a greater level of irritability. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 4 | 9.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 12 | 9.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 8 | 9.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 16 | 9.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Baseline | 9.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 16 | 8.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Baseline | 8.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 4 | 8.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 8 | 8.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Irritability) | Week 12 | 8.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
Secondary
Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity)
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Hyperactivity subscale assesses the participant's level hyperactivity and non-compliance. This subscale comprises 16 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 48. A higher score represents a greater level of hyperactivity/non-compliance. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 4 | 13.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 12 | 13.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 8 | 12.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 16 | 13.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Baseline | 14.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.7 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 16 | 11.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.6 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Baseline | 10.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.6 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 4 | 12.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.6 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 8 | 12.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.6 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Scores (Hyperactivity) | Week 12 | 11.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.6 |
Secondary
Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal)
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Social Withdrawal subscale assesses the participant's level social withdrawal. This subscale comprises 16 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 48. A higher score represents a greater level of social withdrawal. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 8 | 8.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 4 | 8.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 12 | 9.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 16 | 9.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Baseline | 8.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 16 | 7.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Baseline | 8.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 4 | 8.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 8 | 8.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Social Withdrawal) | Week 12 | 8.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
Secondary
Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy)
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item caregiver questionnaire developed to assess medication effects in individuals with developmental disorders and includes 5 distinct subscales of behavioral symptoms. The ABC-Stereotypy subscale assesses the participant's level of stereotypic behavior. This subscale comprises 7 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for a total range of scores from 0 to 21. A higher score represents a greater level of stereotypic behavior. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 4 | 1.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 12 | 1.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 8 | 1.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 16 | 1.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Baseline | 1.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 16 | 1.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Baseline | 2.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 4 | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 8 | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| Placebo | Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Subscale Score (Stereotypy) | Week 12 | 2.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
Secondary
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score
The CGI-Severity (CGI-S) scale is a 7-point, clinician-rated scale providing an overall assessment of patient functioning relative to other patients with a similar diagnosis (1=not at all ill to 7=severely ill). A higher score indicates a higher level of severity of psychopathology. This scale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 4 | 4.70 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 12 | 4.72 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 8 | 4.71 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 16 | 4.70 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Baseline | 4.74 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 16 | 4.60 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.3 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Baseline | 4.56 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.3 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 4 | 4.60 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.3 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 8 | 4.58 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.3 |
| Placebo | Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score | Week 12 | 4.58 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.3 |
Secondary
Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 8 Systolic | 116.4 mmHg | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Baseline Systolic | 115.2 mmHg | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 12 Systolic | 116.2 mmHg | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 4 Systolic | 116.3 mmHg | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 12 Diastolic | 71.0 mmHg | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 8 Diastolic | 69.6 mmHg | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 16 Systolic | 116.2 mmHg | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 4 Diastolic | 69.7 mmHg | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 16 Diastolic | 71.1 mmHg | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Baseline Diastolic | 69.8 mmHg | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 16 Diastolic | 69.3 mmHg | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Baseline Systolic | 116.7 mmHg | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Baseline Diastolic | 70.6 mmHg | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 4 Systolic | 115.5 mmHg | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 4 Diastolic | 70.7 mmHg | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 8 Diastolic | 70.8 mmHg | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 12 Systolic | 115.7 mmHg | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 12 Diastolic | 69.4 mmHg | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 16 Systolic | 115.7 mmHg | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Blood Pressure) | Week 8 Systolic | 115.4 mmHg | Standard Error 4.1 |
Secondary
Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's heart rate (beats per minute). This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 8 | 87.8 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 8.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 12 | 86.5 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 8.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 4 | 88.0 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 8.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 16 | 90.0 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 8.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Baseline | 86.1 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 8.6 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 16 | 83.5 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 5.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Baseline | 87.5 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 5.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 4 | 85.6 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 5.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 12 | 87.0 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 5.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Heart Rate) | Week 8 | 85.7 Beats per Minute | Standard Error 5.4 |
Secondary
Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's height (centimeters). This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 4 | 173.9 centimeters | Standard Error 6.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 12 | 173.9 centimeters | Standard Error 6.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 8 | 173.9 centimeters | Standard Error 6.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 16 | 173.9 centimeters | Standard Error 6.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Baseline | 173.9 centimeters | Standard Error 6.5 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 16 | 173.3 centimeters | Standard Error 4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Baseline | 173.3 centimeters | Standard Error 4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 4 | 173.3 centimeters | Standard Error 4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 8 | 173.3 centimeters | Standard Error 4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Height) | Week 12 | 173.3 centimeters | Standard Error 4 |
Secondary
Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's weight (lbs). This vital sign was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 16 | 146.8 pounds | Standard Error 28.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Baseline | 147.1 pounds | Standard Error 28.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 4 | 147.2 pounds | Standard Error 28.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 8 | 146.8 pounds | Standard Error 28.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 12 | 146.9 pounds | Standard Error 28.1 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 12 | 148.6 pounds | Standard Error 17.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 8 | 148.6 pounds | Standard Error 17.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Baseline | 148.3 pounds | Standard Error 17.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 16 | 148.6 pounds | Standard Error 17.4 |
| Placebo | Least Squares Mean of Vital Signs (Weight) | Week 4 | 148.2 pounds | Standard Error 17.4 |
Secondary
Mean Absolute Basophils Value
This measure assesses the absolute basophils value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Basophils Value | Baseline | 0.013 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.034 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Basophils Value | Week 12 | 0.004 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.021 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Basophils Value | Baseline | 0.013 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.034 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Basophils Value | Week 12 | 0.009 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.029 |
Secondary
Mean Absolute Eosinophils Value
This measure assesses the absolute eosinophils value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Eosinophils Value | Baseline | 0.2 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Eosinophils Value | Week 12 | 0.2 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Eosinophils Value | Baseline | 0.1 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Eosinophils Value | Week 12 | 0.2 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Secondary
Mean Absolute Lymphocytes Value
This measure assesses the absolute lymphocytes value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Lymphocytes Value | Baseline | 2.1 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Lymphocytes Value | Week 12 | 1.9 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Lymphocytes Value | Baseline | 2.1 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Lymphocytes Value | Week 12 | 3.5 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
Secondary
Mean Absolute Monocytes Value
This measure assesses the absolute monocytes value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Monocytes Value | Baseline | 0.5 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Monocytes Value | Week 12 | 0.5 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Monocytes Value | Week 12 | 0.9 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Monocytes Value | Baseline | 0.6 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Secondary
Mean Absolute Neutrophils Value
This measure assesses the absolute neutrophils value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Neutrophils Value | Baseline | 3.5 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Absolute Neutrophils Value | Week 12 | 3.3 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Neutrophils Value | Baseline | 3.7 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Placebo | Mean Absolute Neutrophils Value | Week 12 | 6.3 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 11 |
Secondary
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Value
This measure assesses the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Value | Baseline | 33.8 g/dL | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Value | Week 12 | 33.8 g/dL | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Placebo | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Value | Baseline | 33.9 g/dL | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Value | Week 12 | 33.7 g/dL | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Secondary
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Value
This measure assesses the mean corpuscular hemoglobin value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Value | Baseline | 29.4 picogram | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Value | Week 12 | 29.7 picogram | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Value | Baseline | 29.3 picogram | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Placebo | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Value | Week 12 | 29.2 picogram | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
Secondary
Mean Corpuscular Volume Value
This measure assesses the mean corpuscular volume value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Corpuscular Volume Value | Baseline | 87.3 femtoliter | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Corpuscular Volume Value | Week 12 | 87.8 femtoliter | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Corpuscular Volume Value | Baseline | 86.8 femtoliter | Standard Deviation 4.6 |
| Placebo | Mean Corpuscular Volume Value | Week 12 | 86.6 femtoliter | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
Secondary
Mean Hematocrit Value
This measure assesses the hematocrit value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Hematocrit Value | Baseline | 43.8 percentage of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Hematocrit Value | Week 12 | 44.4 percentage of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Placebo | Mean Hematocrit Value | Baseline | 44.4 percentage of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Placebo | Mean Hematocrit Value | Week 12 | 43.2 percentage of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
Secondary
Mean Hemoglobin Value
This measure assesses the hemoglobin value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Hemoglobin Value | Baseline | 14.8 g/dL | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Hemoglobin Value | Week 12 | 15.0 g/dL | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Hemoglobin Value | Baseline | 15.0 g/dL | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Hemoglobin Value | Week 12 | 14.5 g/dL | Standard Deviation 1 |
Secondary
Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Alanine Transaminase)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's level of liver function through measure of alanine transaminase (ALT). This liver function test value was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Alanine Transaminase) | Baseline | 22.1 IU/L | Standard Deviation 16.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Alanine Transaminase) | Week 12 | 29.6 IU/L | Standard Deviation 40.7 |
| Placebo | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Alanine Transaminase) | Baseline | 26.0 IU/L | Standard Deviation 18 |
| Placebo | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Alanine Transaminase) | Week 12 | 20.7 IU/L | Standard Deviation 10.8 |
Secondary
Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Aspartate Transaminase)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's level of liver function through measure of aspartate transaminase. This liver function test value was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Aspartate Transaminase) | Week 12 | 25.2 IU/L | Standard Deviation 10.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Aspartate Transaminase) | Baseline | 22.3 IU/L | Standard Deviation 10.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Aspartate Transaminase) | Baseline | 21.9 IU/L | Standard Deviation 5.8 |
| Placebo | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Aspartate Transaminase) | Week 12 | 19.8 IU/L | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
Secondary
Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Total Bilirubin)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's level of liver function through measure of total bilirubin. This liver function test value was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Total Bilirubin) | Baseline | 0.5 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Total Bilirubin) | Week 12 | 0.5 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Total Bilirubin) | Week 12 | 0.5 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Placebo | Mean Liver Function Tests Values (Total Bilirubin) | Baseline | 0.4 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Secondary
Mean Platelets Value
This measure assesses the platelets value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Platelets Value | Baseline | 253.8 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 74.7 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Platelets Value | Week 12 | 246.0 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 69.5 |
| Placebo | Mean Platelets Value | Baseline | 286.0 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 67.5 |
| Placebo | Mean Platelets Value | Week 12 | 279.3 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 57.7 |
Secondary
Mean Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Value
This measure assesses the red blood cell distribution width value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Value | Baseline | 13.6 % of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Value | Week 12 | 13.6 % of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Placebo | Mean Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Value | Baseline | 13.7 % of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Placebo | Mean Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Value | Week 12 | 13.6 % of volume of whole blood | Standard Deviation 1 |
Secondary
Mean Red Blood Cell Value
This measure assesses the red blood cell value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Red Blood Cell Value | Baseline | 5.0 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Red Blood Cell Value | Week 12 | 5.1 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Placebo | Mean Red Blood Cell Value | Week 12 | 5.0 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Placebo | Mean Red Blood Cell Value | Baseline | 5.1 10^6 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Bicarbonate)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's bicarbonate levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Bicarbonate) | Baseline | 22.8 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Bicarbonate) | Week 12 | 23.1 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Bicarbonate) | Baseline | 22.3 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Bicarbonate) | Week 12 | 22.8 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's blood urea nitrogen levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Blood Urea Nitrogen) | Baseline | 13.0 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Blood Urea Nitrogen) | Week 12 | 13.3 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 4.3 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Blood Urea Nitrogen) | Baseline | 11.4 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Blood Urea Nitrogen) | Week 12 | 11.6 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Chloride)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's chloride levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Chloride) | Baseline | 100.1 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Chloride) | Week 12 | 100.1 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Chloride) | Baseline | 99.6 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Chloride) | Week 12 | 100.7 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Creatinine)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's creatinine levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Creatinine) | Baseline | 0.8 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Creatinine) | Week 12 | 0.8 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Creatinine) | Baseline | 0.8 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Creatinine) | Week 12 | 0.8 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Glucose)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's glucose levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Glucose) | Baseline | 90.9 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 13 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Glucose) | Week 12 | 87.0 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 18.3 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Glucose) | Baseline | 91.1 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 12.6 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Glucose) | Week 12 | 86.3 mg/dL | Standard Deviation 13.5 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Potassium)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's potassium levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Potassium) | Baseline | 4.4 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Potassium) | Week 12 | 4.7 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Potassium) | Baseline | 4.5 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Potassium) | Week 12 | 4.5 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
Secondary
Mean Serum Chemistries (Sodium)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's sodium levels. This serum chemistry level was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Sodium) | Baseline | 140.6 millimol/liter | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Serum Chemistries (Sodium) | Week 12 | 141.8 millimol/liter | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Sodium) | Baseline | 141.0 millimol/liter | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Placebo | Mean Serum Chemistries (Sodium) | Week 12 | 141.3 millimol/liter | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
Secondary
Mean Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
This measure assesses the change in the patient's value of thyroid stimulating hormone. This hormone value was measured at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Baseline | 2.3 milli-international units/ microliter | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Week 12 | 2.3 milli-international units/ microliter | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Baseline | 2.2 milli-international units/ microliter | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Placebo | Mean Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Week 12 | 1.8 milli-international units/ microliter | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
Secondary
Mean White Blood Cell Value
This measure assesses the white blood cell value as part of the complete blood count measurement. This blood count measure was assessed at Baseline and Week 12.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 12
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Mean White Blood Cell Value | Baseline | 6.3 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Sulforaphane | Mean White Blood Cell Value | Week 12 | 6.0 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Placebo | Mean White Blood Cell Value | Baseline | 6.5 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Placebo | Mean White Blood Cell Value | Week 12 | 6.9 10^3 cells/microliter | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved
The clinician-rated CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) scale rates overall improvement or worsening of illness (ie, ASD) relative to baseline. The CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) scale rates overall improvement or worsening of illness (ie, ASD) relative to baseline. Possible scores on this scale range from 1-6 with the following assigned values: 1 = Very Much Improved; 2 = Much Improved; 3 = Minimally improved; 4 = No change; 5 = Minimally worse; 6= Much worse. A higher score indicates worsening of illness (ie, ASD), whereas a lower score indicates improvement of illness. This scale was measured at Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16. In this measure, the number of participants in each treatment arm determined by the study physician to be Much Improved or Very Much Improved (indicative of meaningful clinical improvement) were counted.
Time frame: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 4 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 3 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 4 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 21 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 8 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 4 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 8 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 20 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 12 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 3 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 12 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 21 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 16 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 0 Participants |
| Sulforaphane | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 16 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 24 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 16 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 23 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 4 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 1 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 12 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 4 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 4 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 23 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 16 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 1 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 8 | Very Much Improved or Much Improved | 2 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 12 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 20 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved | Week 8 | No Improvement to Very Much Worse | 22 Participants |
Secondary
Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score
The RBS-R is a 43-item, informant-based questionnaire designed to quantify a range of restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRB) observed in ASD. Scores for each item range from 0 = Behavior does not occur to 3 = Behavior occurs and is a severe problem. Thus the total range is 0 to 129. A higher score indicates a higher breadth of repetitive behaviors. This scale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 4 | 21.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 14 |
| Sulforaphane | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 12 | 23.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 14 |
| Sulforaphane | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 8 | 23.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 14 |
| Sulforaphane | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 16 | 24.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 14 |
| Sulforaphane | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Baseline | 23.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 14 |
| Placebo | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 16 | 21.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.7 |
| Placebo | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Baseline | 22.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.7 |
| Placebo | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 4 | 23.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.7 |
| Placebo | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 8 | 22.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.7 |
| Placebo | Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBSR) Total Score | Week 12 | 22.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.7 |
Secondary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors)
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors subscale assesses the participant's level of stereotypy and circumscribed interests. This subscale comprises 12 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 12 to 48. A higher score represents a greater level of stereotypy and circumscribed interests. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 4 | 18.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 12 | 18.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 8 | 17.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 16 | 18.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Baseline | 18.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.5 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 16 | 17.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Baseline | 17.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 4 | 18.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 8 | 18.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Restricted Interests/Repetitive Behaviors) | Week 12 | 17.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.8 |
Secondary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness)
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Awareness subscale measures a participant's ability to recognize social cues. This subscale comprises 8 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 8 to 32. A higher score represents a greater ability to recognize social cues. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 4 | 10.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 12 | 10.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 8 | 10.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 16 | 10.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Baseline | 10.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 16 | 11.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Baseline | 10.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 4 | 11.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 8 | 11.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Awareness) | Week 12 | 11.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
Secondary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition)
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Cognition subscale measures a participant's ability to interpret social behavior. This subscale comprises 12 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 12 to 48. A higher score represents a greater ability to interpret social behaviors. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 4 | 18.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 12 | 18.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 8 | 18.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 16 | 18.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Baseline | 19.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 16 | 17.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Baseline | 17.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 4 | 18.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 8 | 18.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Cognition) | Week 12 | 17.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.6 |
Secondary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication)
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Communication subscale measures a participant's ability to assess reciprocal communication in social situations. This subscale comprises 22 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 22 to 88. A higher score represents a greater ability to assess reciprocal communication. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 4 | 32.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 12 | 34.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 8 | 32.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 16 | 34.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Baseline | 34.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.6 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 16 | 31.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Baseline | 32.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 4 | 33.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 8 | 33.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Communication) | Week 12 | 32.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
Secondary
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation)
The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a 65-item caregiver report that includes 5 subscales covering core symptom domains of ASD (Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests/ Repetitive Behaviors). The SRS-2-Social Motivation subscale measures the degree to which a participant is motivated to participate in social interactions. This subscale comprises 11 items with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for a total range of scores from 11 to 44. A higher score represents a greater motivation to participate in social interaction. Subscales are not diagnostic in nature, but they provide some insight into individual behaviors. This subscale was measured at Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 4 | 14.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 12 | 15.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 8 | 14.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 16 | 15.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Sulforaphane | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Baseline | 15.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 4.1 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 16 | 14.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Baseline | 14.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 4 | 15.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 8 | 15.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |
| Placebo | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Subscale Score (Social Motivation) | Week 12 | 14.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.5 |