Caffeine, Sodium
Conditions
Brief summary
This study will compare different methods (24 hour urine collection, evening and morning spots, and questionnaires) to measure the consumption of sodium and cafeine in children and adolescents.
Detailed description
Sodium consumption among adults is high in Switzerland, as in most parts of the world. It is expected to be high in children as well, but little is still known. 24 hour urine collection is the golden standard to assess sodium consumption. However, this method is logistically difficult, especially for children. Therefore, alternatives are needed. Urinary spots have been used as a proxy to estimate sodium excretion over 24 hour in adults, but not in children. This study will assess whether urinary spots can be used to estimate sodium consumption in children in comparison to 24 hour urine collections. Caffeine consumption has risen in children over the past years, mainly before of the increase in consumption of soda drinks. A precise way to measure caffeine consumption is by assessing the concentration of caffeine and its metabolites in 24 hour urine samples. An alternative to 24 hour urine collection is using questionnaires, however this remains difficult due to the multiples food sources of caffeine. This study will compare caffeine consumption estimated by 24 hour urine collection and by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire targeting caffeine containing products.
Interventions
OTHERNo intervention
This study is observational and does not entail any intervention. Different methods to assess sodium and caffeine consumption will be compared.
Sponsors
Hôpital du Valais
Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office
University of Lausanne Hospitals
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
6 Years to 16 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Between 6 and 16 years of age
Exclusion criteria
* A sickness that affects the consumption and excretion of sodium and caffeine (for example, diabetes, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal problems, chronic kidney disease, renal insufficiency) * Taking medication that affects sodium excretion (for example, diuretics) * A intravenous perfusion during the urine collection * Insufficient knowledge of French to understand the instructions
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Urinary sodium excretion | Over a 2-day period | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots |
| Urinary caffeine and related metabolites excretion | Over a 2-day period | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Urinary caffeine and metabolites excretion | Over a 2-day period | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots |
| Sodium consumption | Over a 2-day period | Estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |
| Urinary protein excretion | Over a 2-day period | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots |
| Urinary albumine excretion | Over a 2-day period | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots |
| Urinary phosphate excretion | Over a 2-day period | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots |
Countries
Switzerland
Outcome results
None listed