Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma, Recurrent Colorectal Carcinoma, Refractory Colorectal Carcinoma, Stage IVA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7, Stage IVB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7, Stage IV Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7
Conditions
Brief summary
This randomized phase II trial studies how well capecitabine and bevacizumab with or without atezolizumab work in treating patients with colorectal cancer that is not responding to treatment and has spread to other places. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as atezolizumab and bevacizumab, may help the body?s immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as capecitabine, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Giving atezolizumab with capecitabine and bevacizumab may be a better way in treating colorectal cancer.
Detailed description
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. To estimate the efficacy of capecitabine/bevacizumab + atezolizumab, as compared with capecitabine/bevacizumab + placebo in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) as measured by progression-free survival (defined as the time of randomization to the first occurrence of progression based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1, clinical progression, or death from any cause on study as determined by the investigator). SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To estimate the efficacy of capecitabine/bevacizumab + atezolizumab, as compared with capecitabine/bevacizumab + placebo in refractory mCRC as measured by objective response rate (defined as partial response plus complete response) as determined by the investigator using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 and immune-related response criteria (irRC). II. To estimate the efficacy of capecitabine/bevacizumab + atezolizumab as compared with capecitabine/bevacizumab + placebo in refractory mCRC as measured by overall survival (defined as death from any cause from the time of randomization until study completion). III. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab and capecitabine in refractory mCRC as measured by the serious adverse events and adverse events \>= grade 3 according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. CORRELATIVE OBJECTIVE: I. To explore any correlation between tissue and blood based biomarkers and clinical outcomes. OUTLINE: Patients are randomized 2:1 to Arm I:Arm II. ARM I (ATEZOLIZUMAB, BEVACIZUMAB, CAPECITABINE): Patients receive atezolizumab intravenously (IV) over 30-60 minutes on day 1, bevacizumab IV over 30-90 minutes on day 1, and capecitabine orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-14. Courses repeat every 21 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. ARM II (PLACEBO, BEVACIZUMAB, CAPECITABINE): Patients receive placebo IV over 30-60 minutes on day 1, bevacizumab IV over 30-90 minutes on day 1, and capecitabine PO BID on days 1-14. Courses repeat every 21 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days, every 3 months until progressive disease, then every 6 months thereafter.
Interventions
DRUGAtezolizumab
Given IV
BIOLOGICALBevacizumab
Given IV
DRUGCapecitabine
Given PO
OTHERLaboratory Biomarker Analysis
Correlative studies
OTHERPlacebo
Given IV
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Academic and Community Cancer Research United
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Histologically confirmed colorectal cancer that is either clinically or histologically proven to be metastatic and has progressed on regimens containing a fluoropyrimidine (e.g., 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine), oxaliplatin, irinotecan, bevacizumab and an anti-EGFR antibody (if tumor is RAS wild-type), or where the treatment was not tolerated or contraindicated * Measurable disease; Note: previously irradiated sites can be included if there is documented disease progression in that site * Capecitabine and bevacizumab considered appropriate treatment for the patient * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0-1 * Absolute neutrophil count \>= 1,500/uL (obtained =\< 7 days prior to randomization) * Platelets \>= 100,000/uL (obtained =\< 7 days prior to randomization) * Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) (obtained =\< 7 days prior to randomization); patients with known Gilbert?s syndrome who have serum bilirubin =\< 3 X ULN may enroll * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 1.5 X ULN; \< 3 X ULN if known hepatic metastases (obtained =\< 7 days prior to randomization) * Hemoglobin \>= 9 g/dL continuation of erythropoietin products is permitted (obtained =\< 7 days prior to randomization); hemoglobin must be stable \>= 9 g/dL \>= 14 days without blood transfusion to maintain hemoglobin level * Calculated creatinine clearance must be \>= 50 ml/min using the Cockcroft-Gault formula or a 24 hour urine (obtained =\< 7 days prior to randomization) * The following laboratory values obtained =\< 14 days prior to randomization * Prothrombin time (PT)/partial thromboplastin time (PTT)/international normalized ratio (INR) =\< 1.5 X ULN if not anticoagulated; within local institutional guidelines per local physician if anticoagulated * Negative pregnancy test done =\< 7 days prior to randomization, for women of childbearing potential only * Provide informed written consent * Willingness to return to enrolling institution for follow-up (during the active monitoring phase of the study) * Willingness to provide tissue and blood samples for correlative research purposes * Life expectancy of \>= 3 months
Exclusion criteria
* Any of the following: * Pregnant women * Nursing women * Women of child-bearing potential must agree to use two forms of adequate contraception from time of initial consent, for the duration of study participation, and for \>= 6 months after the last dose of study drug; medically acceptable contraceptives include: (1) surgical sterilization (such as a tubal ligation or hysterectomy), (2) approved hormonal contraceptives (such as birth control pills, patches, implants or injections), (3) barrier methods (such as a condom or diaphragm) used with a spermicide, or (4) an intrauterine device (IUD); contraceptive measures such as Plan B, sold for emergency use after unprotected sex, are not acceptable methods for routine use; postmenopausal woman must have been amenorrheic for at least 2 years to be considered of non-childbearing potential; sexually active men must use at least one form of adequate contraception from time of initial consent, for the duration of study participation, and for \>= 6 months after the last dose of study drug * Chemotherapy, biologic anti-cancer therapy, or central field radiation therapy =\< 28 days prior to randomization; Note: local or stereotactic radiation =\< 14 days prior to randomization * Any investigational agent =\< 28 days or 5 half-lives prior to randomization (whichever is longer) * Prior treatment with atezolizumab or another PD-L1/PD-1 therapy * History of allergic reactions attributed to therapeutic antibodies; Note: patients with reactions to chimeric antibodies may be permitted on a case by case basis with approval by study chair by contacting the data manager * Known untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases; Note: patients with radiated or resected lesions are permitted, provided the lesions are fully treated and inactive, patients are asymptomatic, and no steroids have been administered for this purpose =\< 30 days prior to randomization * Inadequately controlled hypertension (defined as average systolic blood pressure \> 150 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure \> 100 mmHg) * History of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy * New York Heart Association (NYHA) grade II or greater congestive heart failure * History of myocardial infarction, unstable angina, cardiac or other vascular stenting, angioplasty, or surgery =\< 12 months prior to randomization * Active coronary heart disease evidenced as angina or requiring medications to prevent angina * History of stroke or transient ischemic attack, or other arterial thrombosis =\< 12 months prior to randomization * Symptomatic peripheral vascular disease * Any other significant vascular disease (e.g., aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, or carotid stenosis that requires medical or surgical intervention, including angioplasty or stenting) * Any previous National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 4 venous thromboembolism * Clinically-significant evidence of bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy as so judged by the treating physician * History of active gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding or other major bleeding =\< 12 months prior to randomization; Note: patients who do not have resolution of the predisposing risk factor (e.g., resection of a bleeding tumor, treatment and endoscopic documentation of a resolved ulcer) will also be excluded * Major surgical procedure, open biopsy, or significant traumatic injury =\< 56 days prior to randomization * Anticipation of need for major surgical procedure =\< 6 months after randomization * Minor surgical procedure =\< 7 days prior to randomization; exception: insertion of an indwelling catheter or percutaneous needle biopsy =\< 48 hours prior to randomization * History of intra-abdominal abscess =\< 6 months prior to randomization; Note: if the affected area was surgically resected, and there is no further risk to the area, patients may enroll * History of abdominal or other significant fistula, gastrointestinal or other organ perforation; Note: if the affected area was surgically resected, and there is no further risk to the area, patients may enroll * Serious, non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture as so judged by the treating physician * Known proteinuria defined by \>= 2+ protein by urinalysis (UA) or \>= 1 gram protein by 24 hour urine collection; Note: Subjects that are \>= 2+ or greater on dipstick but \< 1 g protein on 24 hour urine ARE eligible to participate * Intolerance to bevacizumab defined as any NCI CTCAE grade 3 or grade 4 toxicity attributed to this agent that required discontinuation of bevacizumab (e.g., arterial thromboembolism \[ATE\], perforation, wound healing difficulty, proteinuria, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome \[RPLS\]); Note: patients with prior grade 3 bevacizumab-related hypertension may be permitted if hypertension was manageable with standard oral antihypertensives as so judged by the treating physician * Known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency * Impairment of GI function or GI disease that may significantly alter capecitabine drug absorption * Active inflammatory bowel disease * History of diverticulitis, chronic ulcerative lower GI disease such as Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis, or other symptomatic lower GI conditions that might predispose to perforations * History of autoimmune disease including, but not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, Wegener?s granulomatosis, Sjogren?s syndrome, Bell?s palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, vasculitis, or glomerulonephritis; Note: patients with a history of autoimmune-related hypothyroidism on a stable dose of thyroid replacement hormone may be eligible for this study * Active current infection or history of recurrent bacterial, viral, fungal, mycobacterial or other infections, including but not limited to tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial disease, hepatitis B and C, herpes zoster, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but excluding fungal infections of nail beds * Vaccination with a live or attenuated vaccine =\< 28 days prior to randomization; Note: other types of vaccines, including inactivated/killed, toxoid (inactivated toxoid), and subunit/conjugate are all permitted at any time * Any reversible treatment-related toxicity that has not resolved to NCI CTCAE grade =\< 1 except neuropathy * Other concurrent severe and/or uncontrolled medical disease, psychiatric illness, or social situation, which could compromise safety of treatment as so judged by the treating physician; Note: this includes but is not limited to: severely impaired lung function, uncontrolled diabetes (history of consistent blood glucose readings above 300 mg/dL or less than 50 mg/dL), severe infection, severe malnutrition, ventricular arrhythmias, known active vasculitis of any cause, tumor invasion of any major blood vessel, chronic liver or renal disease, and active upper GI tract ulceration * Unwilling to or unable to comply with the protocol * Current or recent (=\< 10 days prior to randomization) use of aspirin (\> 325 mg/day), or clopidogrel (\> 75 mg/day) * Current or recent (=\< 10 days prior to randomization) use of therapeutic oral or parenteral anticoagulants or thrombolytic agents for therapeutic purposes, unless the patient has been on a stable dose of anticoagulants for at least 2 weeks at the time of randomization; Note: the use of full-dose oral or parenteral anticoagulants is permitted as long as the INR or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within therapeutic limits (according to the medical standard of the institution) and the patient has been on a stable dose of anticoagulants \>= 14 days at the time of randomization; prophylactic use of anticoagulants is allowed * History or recent diagnosis of demyelinating disease * History of other carcinoma =\< 3 years; exception: if risk of recurrence is known to be under 5% at time of randomization * Current or recent (=\< 90 days prior to randomization) endoluminal stent in the stomach, bowel, colon or rectum * Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or proctoscopy =\< 7 days prior to randomization * Current or recent (=\< 28 days prior to randomization) use of sorivudine, brivudine, and St. John?s wort * Primary or secondary immunodeficiency (history of or currently active) unless related to primary disease under investigation * Prior allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or prior solid organ transplantation * Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications (including but not limited to prednisone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti-tumor necrosis factor \[anti-TNF\] agents) =\< 14 days prior to randomization; exception: patients who have received acute, low-dose, systemic immunosuppressant medications (e.g. a one-time dose of dexamethasone for nausea) are eligible; the use of inhaled corticosteroids and mineral-corticoids (e.g. fludrocortisone) for patients with orthostatic hypotension or adrenocortical insufficiency is allowed
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Progression Free Survival (PFS) | From randomization to first documentation of disease progression by RECIST v1.1, or death from any cause, assessed up to 20 months | Assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v) 1.1. The primary comparisons will be superiority of the active treatment for PFS of atezolizumab versus placebo. PFS will be compared between treatment arms using the un-stratified log-rank test at one-sided level of 0.10 and the p-value will be used for decision making. The hazard ratio (HR) for PFS will be estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the HR will be provided. Kaplan-Meier methodology will be used to estimate the median PFS for each treatment arm, and Kaplan-Meier curves will be produced. Progression is defined as any new lesion or increase by ≥20% of previously involved sites from nadir based on RECIST criteria. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Survival (OS) | From randomization to death due to any cause, assessed up to 20 months | The distribution of survival time will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. OS will be compared between treatment arms using the unstratified log-rank test. OS medians, survival rates and HR will be estimated along with 95% confidence intervals. |
| Objective Response Rate | Up to 20 months | The objective response rate is defined as the percentage of participants who achieve a partial response or compete response as assessed (partial response \[PR\] or complete response \[CR\] per RECIST v1.1) during treatment with study therapy. Rates of response will be compared across arms using a fisher's exact test for proportion. Point estimates will be generated for objective response rates within each arm along with 95% binomial confidence intervals. Complete response (CR): Disappearance of all evidence of disease, Partial response (PR): Regression of measurable disease and no new sites |
| The Number of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Event Deemed at Least Possibly Related to Treatment (Toxicity) | Up to 20 months | The number of participants who experienced at least one grade 3 or higher adverse event deemed at least possibly related to treatment (toxicity) is reported below. Graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Toxicities will be evaluated via the ordinal CTCAE standard toxicity grading. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Atezolizumab, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine Patients receive 1200 mg atezolizumab IV over 30-60 minutes on day 1, 7.5 mg/kg bevacizumab IV over 30-90 minutes on day 1, and 850 or 1000 mg/m\^2 capecitabine PO BID on days 1-14. Courses repeat every 21 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. | 82 |
| Placebo, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine Patients receive 1200 mg placebo IV over 30-60 minutes on day 1, 7.5 mg/kg bevacizumab IV over 30-90 minutes on day 1, and 850 or 1000 mg/m\^2 capecitabine PO BID on days 1-14. Courses repeat every 21 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. | 46 |
| Total | 128 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Ineligible | 5 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Atezolizumab, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Total | Placebo, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 59 years | 58 years | 56 years |
| ECOG Performance Status 0 | 39 Participants | 60 Participants | 21 Participants |
| ECOG Performance Status 1 | 43 Participants | 68 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 6 Participants | 8 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 66 Participants | 102 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 35 Participants | 51 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 47 Participants | 77 Participants | 30 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 45 / 82 | 23 / 46 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 77 / 81 | 42 / 46 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 36 / 81 | 12 / 46 |
Outcome results
Primary
Progression Free Survival (PFS)
Assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v) 1.1. The primary comparisons will be superiority of the active treatment for PFS of atezolizumab versus placebo. PFS will be compared between treatment arms using the un-stratified log-rank test at one-sided level of 0.10 and the p-value will be used for decision making. The hazard ratio (HR) for PFS will be estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the HR will be provided. Kaplan-Meier methodology will be used to estimate the median PFS for each treatment arm, and Kaplan-Meier curves will be produced. Progression is defined as any new lesion or increase by ≥20% of previously involved sites from nadir based on RECIST criteria.
Time frame: From randomization to first documentation of disease progression by RECIST v1.1, or death from any cause, assessed up to 20 months
Population: Modified Intent-to-treat (ITT) population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Atezolizumab, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Progression Free Survival (PFS) | 4.37 months |
| Placebo, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Progression Free Survival (PFS) | 3.32 months |
p-value: 0.05195% CI: [0.491, 1.07]Log Rank
Secondary
Objective Response Rate
The objective response rate is defined as the percentage of participants who achieve a partial response or compete response as assessed (partial response \[PR\] or complete response \[CR\] per RECIST v1.1) during treatment with study therapy. Rates of response will be compared across arms using a fisher's exact test for proportion. Point estimates will be generated for objective response rates within each arm along with 95% binomial confidence intervals. Complete response (CR): Disappearance of all evidence of disease, Partial response (PR): Regression of measurable disease and no new sites
Time frame: Up to 20 months
Population: Modified Intent-to-treat (ITT) population
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Atezolizumab, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Objective Response Rate | 8.54 percentage of participants |
| Placebo, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Objective Response Rate | 4.35 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.4876Fisher Exact
Secondary
Overall Survival (OS)
The distribution of survival time will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. OS will be compared between treatment arms using the unstratified log-rank test. OS medians, survival rates and HR will be estimated along with 95% confidence intervals.
Time frame: From randomization to death due to any cause, assessed up to 20 months
Population: Modified Intent-to-treat (ITT) population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Atezolizumab, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Overall Survival (OS) | 10.55 months |
| Placebo, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | Overall Survival (OS) | 10.61 months |
p-value: 0.495% CI: [0.56, 1.56]Log Rank
Secondary
The Number of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Event Deemed at Least Possibly Related to Treatment (Toxicity)
The number of participants who experienced at least one grade 3 or higher adverse event deemed at least possibly related to treatment (toxicity) is reported below. Graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Toxicities will be evaluated via the ordinal CTCAE standard toxicity grading.
Time frame: Up to 20 months
Population: Participants who started treatment and are evaluable for adverse events are included in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Atezolizumab, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | The Number of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Event Deemed at Least Possibly Related to Treatment (Toxicity) | 27 Participants |
| Placebo, Bevacizumab, Capecitabine | The Number of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Event Deemed at Least Possibly Related to Treatment (Toxicity) | 11 Participants |