Healthy
Conditions
Brief summary
This project proposes to implement and compare new community pharmacy-based strategies for improving vaccine coverage.
Detailed description
Although there are many safe and effective vaccines for adults, the Public Health Agency of Canada has noted that public perception of vaccination is that it is primarily for infants and children. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends adults and adolescents receive the influenza vaccine, tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap), and meningococcal vaccines (MenACWY, 4CMenB). As well, NACI recommends that people 60 years or older receive the herpes zoster vaccine and that Canadians who travel to high-risk areas should consider getting vaccinated to protect themselves against travel-related illnesses, such as Hepatitis A and Typhoid Fever. While NACI makes recommendations, provinces and territories (P/Ts) determine if they will fund and implement vaccine programs. Unlike the childhood immunization programs which tend to be funded by P/Ts, many adult vaccines are unfunded, resulting in poor population uptake. In this project,the investigators propose to implement and compare new community pharmacy-based strategies for improving vaccine coverage. Patients are typically educated about preventative health care during face-to-face visits with physicians in office settings. The ability to educate and deliver preventative health care is limited by the available provider time during office visits - providers often focus on acute needs and current disease management. New delivery models and a means of extending preventative health care delivery outside of traditional face-to-face office visits are needed. Pharmacists are in a unique position of being among the most accessible of health professionals. Given their extended operating hours, accessibility, and established trust with patients, pharmacists are well-positioned to improve vaccination rates and health system efficacy through injection administration. Vaccine coverage rates will be measured using the following: 1. pharmacy database analysis, 2. public health vaccine reports by physicians, 3. number of vaccine doses delivered to pharmacies in all four regions, and 4. public survey within the study communities to determine immunization status. Intervention communities include Saint John, New Brunswick and New Glasgow/Pictou/Antigonish, Nova Scotia area, which include the smaller towns of Stellarton and Westville, Nova Scotia. Control communities include Moncton, New Brunswick and Kentville/New Minas/Wolfville, Nova Scotia, which include the smaller towns of Canning and Coldbrook, Nova Scotia.
Interventions
BIOLOGICALMeningococcal B
Bexsero is indicated for active immunisation of individuals from 2 months of age and older against invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis group B.
BIOLOGICALHigh-Dose TIV
Fluzone High-Dose is an injectable influenza vaccine made to protect against the flu strains most likely to cause illness for that particular flu season.
BIOLOGICALTdap (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis)
Tdap is a combination vaccine that protects against three potentially life-threatening bacterial diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough).
BIOLOGICALMeningococcal ACWY
Meningococcal ACWY vaccine is indicated for active immunization of individuals up to 55 years of age against invasive meningococcal diseases caused by Neisseria meningitides serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y.
BIOLOGICALHerpes Zoster
Herpes zoster vaccine is indicated for the immunization of individuals 50 years of age or older for the prevention of herpes zoster (shingles).
BIOLOGICALTravel Health (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Typhoid Fever)
Hepatitis A vaccine is indicated for immunization against infections caused by hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B vaccine is indicated for immunization against infection caused by hepatitis B virus; and typhoid fever vaccine is indicated for active immunization against Salmonella typhi, the organism which causes typhoid fever.
Sponsors
GlaxoSmithKline
MCM Vaccines B.V.
Canadian Center for Vaccinology
Dalhousie University
Canadian Immunization Research Network
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* For the selection of the four communities include population size (approximately 30,000 adults \>18 years of age), stable population, service by a centralized regional hospital and local community hospitals, availability of community pharmacies, interest of community pharmacists (sufficient numbers of pharmacists qualified to provide vaccinations), and lack of substantial health care spill over to adjacent communities. * Spill over is defined as a pattern of health-care utilization where patients regularly receive care at different regional health centers. * Intervention communities include Saint John, New Brunswick and New Glasgow/Pictou/Antigonish, Nova Scotia area, which include the smaller towns of Stellarton and Westville, Nova Scotia. * Control communities include Moncton, New Brunswick and Kentville/New Minas/Wolfville, Nova Scotia, which include the smaller towns of Canning and Coldbrook, Nova Scotia.
Exclusion criteria
Not meeting inclusion criteria
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | At the time of vaccination, 1 day over two years from September 2017 to November 2019. | A 2-year demonstration program was conducted in two Canadian provinces (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). One community in each province served as the intervention community, where pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines. One community in each province also served as the non-intervention community, where immunization practice continued unchanged. Vaccine uptake was compared using pharmacy-generated reports of the number of vaccine doses administered before (from September 2015 to August 2017) and during (September 2017 to November 2019) the intervention and between non-intervention and intervention pharmacies. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Compare the Number of Flu Vaccine Recipients Who Were Recruited and Completed the Online AEFI Survey Among Intervention Pharmacies Using Active Recruitment Strategies and the Non-intervention Pharmacies Using Passive Recruitment Strategies. | At the time of survey recruitment, 1 day over the 5-month period the surveys remained open during the influenza seasons | Recipients of a flu vaccine in the intervention communities were actively recruited to participate in the CANVAS survey by the intervention pharmacists who handed out information sheets and/or pointed to the QR code to sign up for the survey, while flu vaccine recipients in the non-intervention pharmacies were passively recruited through posters with the QR code displayed in waiting areas without telling them about the study. Note: For this secondary outcome, recruited means anyone who signed up for the survey but may not have necessarily completed the survey. The number of flu vaccine recipients who were actively recruited in the intervention pharmacies or passively recruited in the non-intervention pharmacies were compared to assess the effectiveness of the active versus passive recruitment approach. |
| Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked questions regarding their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers and their vaccination behaviour. Questions related to their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers were Are you aware that many pharmacists are trained to administer vaccines? (Yes or No) and Which of the following vaccines are currently administered by pharmacists in a pharmacy? (Check all that apply). Questions related to their vaccination behaviour were Did you get or have you ever received... (the following vaccines)? \[Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below\] |
| Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked to indicate how much they agree/disagree with a list of statements about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion. \[Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below\]. |
| Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their awareness of NACI recommendations and about their vaccinating behaviour. The questions for their awareness of NACI recommendations were Are you aware that the Canadian guidelines (NACI) recommends/indicates (the following vaccines). The questions about their vaccinating behaviour was Do you offer/discuss/recommend (the following vaccines) according to NACI guidelines? \[Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below\] |
| Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers. The questions were: Where do you think vaccines should be administered? (Check all that apply) \[Note: those who selected 'family doctor's office', 'public health clinic', and/or 'pharmacy' as the locations are presented below\]; and Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion? \[Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below\]. |
Countries
Canada
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Pharmacies were recruited from four communities in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada. One community in each province served as the intervention community, where community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies designed for each of the target vaccines. One community in each province also served as the non-intervention community, where immunization practice continued unchanged. Intervention and non-intervention pharmacies were assigned to each group rather than participants.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Intervention Communities One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the intervention site where pharmacists in the community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap), high-dose influenza (HD flu), meningococcal B (4CMenB), meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY), travel health (hepatitis A & B, typhoid fever), and herpes zoster vaccines). The pharmacists applied various strategies, which included: combining vaccinations with other services such as influenza vaccine seasonal campaigns, back to school pharmacy services, travel season and standard services; targeted patient outreach; promotion of immunization weeks; and social media messaging, signage, handouts, and bag stuffers to promote the study vaccines. Intervention pharmacies were provided with support materials and received background information and training about the vaccines through in-person and/or web-based video conferences. | 0 |
| Intervention Communities One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the intervention site where pharmacists in the community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap), high-dose influenza (HD flu), meningococcal B (4CMenB), meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY), travel health (hepatitis A & B, typhoid fever), and herpes zoster vaccines). The pharmacists applied various strategies, which included: combining vaccinations with other services such as influenza vaccine seasonal campaigns, back to school pharmacy services, travel season and standard services; targeted patient outreach; promotion of immunization weeks; and social media messaging, signage, handouts, and bag stuffers to promote the study vaccines. Intervention pharmacies were provided with support materials and received background information and training about the vaccines through in-person and/or web-based video conferences. | 0 |
| Non-Intervention Communities One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the non-intervention site where immunization practice continued unchanged, and pharmacists would administer vaccines when requested or when deemed appropriate during routine care. Pharmacies in non-intervention communities continued their standard immunization practices without any study-related education, training, or outreach. | 0 |
| Non-Intervention Communities One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the non-intervention site where immunization practice continued unchanged, and pharmacists would administer vaccines when requested or when deemed appropriate during routine care. Pharmacies in non-intervention communities continued their standard immunization practices without any study-related education, training, or outreach. | 0 |
| Total | 0 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention.
A 2-year demonstration program was conducted in two Canadian provinces (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). One community in each province served as the intervention community, where pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines. One community in each province also served as the non-intervention community, where immunization practice continued unchanged. Vaccine uptake was compared using pharmacy-generated reports of the number of vaccine doses administered before (from September 2015 to August 2017) and during (September 2017 to November 2019) the intervention and between non-intervention and intervention pharmacies.
Time frame: At the time of vaccination, 1 day over two years from September 2017 to November 2019.
Population: Information on the number of participants is not available (NA) because no participants were assigned to the arms/groups. Instead, pharmacies from the selected community in each province were assigned to each arm/group (intervention communities and non-intervention communities) rather than participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Communities | Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | Number of vaccines administered before the intervention (from September 2015 to August 2017) | 3,093 Number of vaccines administered |
| Intervention Communities | Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | Number of vaccines administered during the intervention (September 2017 to November 2019) | 6,149 Number of vaccines administered |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | Number of vaccines administered before the intervention (from September 2015 to August 2017) | 5,011 Number of vaccines administered |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | Number of vaccines administered during the intervention (September 2017 to November 2019) | 5,922 Number of vaccines administered |
Secondary
Compare the Number of Flu Vaccine Recipients Who Were Recruited and Completed the Online AEFI Survey Among Intervention Pharmacies Using Active Recruitment Strategies and the Non-intervention Pharmacies Using Passive Recruitment Strategies.
Recipients of a flu vaccine in the intervention communities were actively recruited to participate in the CANVAS survey by the intervention pharmacists who handed out information sheets and/or pointed to the QR code to sign up for the survey, while flu vaccine recipients in the non-intervention pharmacies were passively recruited through posters with the QR code displayed in waiting areas without telling them about the study. Note: For this secondary outcome, recruited means anyone who signed up for the survey but may not have necessarily completed the survey. The number of flu vaccine recipients who were actively recruited in the intervention pharmacies or passively recruited in the non-intervention pharmacies were compared to assess the effectiveness of the active versus passive recruitment approach.
Time frame: At the time of survey recruitment, 1 day over the 5-month period the surveys remained open during the influenza seasons
Population: Participants are flu vaccine recipients from both the intervention and non-intervention communities recruited to participate in the survey. Once flu vaccine recipients signed up for the survey, they then received the consent and link to complete the survey, but it was up to their discretion whether they completed the survey. Results show the overall number who signed up for the survey through the active/passive approach, and then the number who decided to complete the survey from each community.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Communities | Compare the Number of Flu Vaccine Recipients Who Were Recruited and Completed the Online AEFI Survey Among Intervention Pharmacies Using Active Recruitment Strategies and the Non-intervention Pharmacies Using Passive Recruitment Strategies. | 221 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Compare the Number of Flu Vaccine Recipients Who Were Recruited and Completed the Online AEFI Survey Among Intervention Pharmacies Using Active Recruitment Strategies and the Non-intervention Pharmacies Using Passive Recruitment Strategies. | 8 Participants |
Secondary
Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys
As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers. The questions were: Where do you think vaccines should be administered? (Check all that apply) \[Note: those who selected 'family doctor's office', 'public health clinic', and/or 'pharmacy' as the locations are presented below\]; and Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion? \[Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below\].
Time frame: At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open
Population: Participants are Healthcare Providers (pharmacists, physicians, nurses) in Nova Scotia \& New Brunswick who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. They were asked about their attitudes and beliefs on pharmacists as immunizers. Some participants did not respond to these questions, which explains why the numbers analyzed differs from the overall numbers of participants. The statement I would refer a patient to receive a vaccine from a pharmacist was only asked to physician/nurses.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Vaccines should be administered in family doctor's office | 188 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Vaccines should be administered in public health clinic | 197 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Vaccines should be administered in pharmacy | 170 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I support the expansion of pharmacists' scope of practice to include provision of vaccines to adults | 171 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I support the expansion of pharmacist scope of practice to include provision of vaccines to children | 156 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Pharmacists should be allowed to vaccinate children under the age of 5 years old | 66 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Pharmacists have enough training to administer vaccines | 136 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would refer a patient to receive a vaccine from a pharmacist at a pharmacy (physician/nurses only) | 50 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would refer a patient to receive a vaccine from a pharmacist at a pharmacy (physician/nurses only) | 75 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Vaccines should be administered in family doctor's office | 155 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I support the expansion of pharmacist scope of practice to include provision of vaccines to children | 134 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Vaccines should be administered in public health clinic | 179 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Pharmacists have enough training to administer vaccines | 142 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Vaccines should be administered in pharmacy | 136 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Pharmacists should be allowed to vaccinate children under the age of 5 years old | 95 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I support the expansion of pharmacists' scope of practice to include provision of vaccines to adults | 150 Participants |
Secondary
Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys
As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked to indicate how much they agree/disagree with a list of statements about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion. \[Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below\].
Time frame: At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open
Population: Participants are members of the public from the selected communities who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. Participants were asked how much they agree/disagree with a list of statements about their attitudes and beliefs of pharmacists as immunizers \[those who answered 'agree' are provided\]. In the post-survey, some participants did not respond to the questions, which explains why the number of participants analyzed per row differs from the overall number of participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I feel comfortable receiving my vaccines from a pharmacist | 739 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | It is convenient for me to receive my vaccines from my pharmacist | 696 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I think pharmacists have enough training to give vaccines | 756 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would feel more comfortable receiving my vaccines in a pharmacy if my physician recommended it | 458 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would feel more comfortable receiving my vaccines in a pharmacy if a PH nurse recommended it | 385 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would get a vaccine if it was recommended by a doctor | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would get a vaccine if it was recommended by a nurse | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would get a vaccine if it was recommended by a pharmacist | NA Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would get a vaccine if it was recommended by a pharmacist | 692 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I feel comfortable receiving my vaccines from a pharmacist | 772 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would feel more comfortable receiving my vaccines in a pharmacy if a PH nurse recommended it | 290 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | It is convenient for me to receive my vaccines from my pharmacist | 717 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would get a vaccine if it was recommended by a nurse | 738 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I think pharmacists have enough training to give vaccines | 780 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would get a vaccine if it was recommended by a doctor | 772 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | I would feel more comfortable receiving my vaccines in a pharmacy if my physician recommended it | 337 Participants |
Secondary
Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys
As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked questions regarding their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers and their vaccination behaviour. Questions related to their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers were Are you aware that many pharmacists are trained to administer vaccines? (Yes or No) and Which of the following vaccines are currently administered by pharmacists in a pharmacy? (Check all that apply). Questions related to their vaccination behaviour were Did you get or have you ever received... (the following vaccines)? \[Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below\]
Time frame: At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open
Population: Participants are members of the public from the selected communities who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. They were asked questions about their awareness of pharmacists as immunizers and their vaccination behaviour. There are 3 vaccination behaviour questions that are contingency questions based on the age of the participant and were only asked to those who fall within this age group, which explains why the number analyzed differs from the overall number of participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Aware that pharmacists are trained to vaccinate | 850 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer influenza vaccine | 724 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer Tdap vaccine | 166 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer Men ACWY vaccine | 113 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer MenB vaccine | 113 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer travel vaccines (hep A, hep B, typhoid vaccines) | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer herpes zoster (shingles) | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Get the influenza vaccine | 510 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received Men C or Men ACWY vaccine | 374 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received Men B vaccine (contingency question for participants between 18-24 years old) | 160 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received Tdap vaccine | 765 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received high-dose influenza vaccine (contingency question for participants 65 years or older) | 4 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received vaccines for travel (hep A, hep B, typhoid vaccines) | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine (contingency question for participants 50+) | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Received all vaccines recommended for adults | 501 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received a vaccination by a pharmacist in a pharmacy | 384 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received a vaccination by a pharmacist in a pharmacy | 557 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Aware that pharmacists are trained to vaccinate | 852 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received Men C or Men ACWY vaccine | 248 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer influenza vaccine | 680 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received vaccines for travel (hep A, hep B, typhoid vaccines) | 530 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer Tdap vaccine | 122 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received Men B vaccine (contingency question for participants between 18-24 years old) | 123 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer Men ACWY vaccine | 89 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Received all vaccines recommended for adults | 421 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer MenB vaccine | 86 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received Tdap vaccine | 411 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer travel vaccines (hep A, hep B, typhoid vaccines) | 327 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine (contingency question for participants 50+) | 100 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Awareness of pharmacists' ability to administer herpes zoster (shingles) | 249 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Ever received high-dose influenza vaccine (contingency question for participants 65 years or older) | 12 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | Get the influenza vaccine | 610 Participants |
Secondary
Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys
As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their awareness of NACI recommendations and about their vaccinating behaviour. The questions for their awareness of NACI recommendations were Are you aware that the Canadian guidelines (NACI) recommends/indicates (the following vaccines). The questions about their vaccinating behaviour was Do you offer/discuss/recommend (the following vaccines) according to NACI guidelines? \[Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below\]
Time frame: At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open
Population: Participants are Healthcare Providers (pharmacists, physicians, nurses) in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. Healthcare providers were asked about their awareness of NACI recommendations and their vaccinating behaviour \[those who answered 'Yes' are provided\]. In the post-survey, some participants did not respond to the questions, which explains why the number of participants analyzed per row differs from the overall number of participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends that adults receive vaccine for protection against influenza | 201 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends that older adults (65+) receive a high-dose influenza vaccine | 149 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends healthy adolescents/young adults receive vaccine for MenACWY | 152 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI indicates that healthy adolescents/young adults may receive vaccine for MenB | 112 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends that adults receive vaccination for protection against whooping cough | 163 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that CATMAT recommends adults receive travel vaccines depending on where they travel | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommend that adults 50+ receive a vaccine for protection against shingles | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Discuss the option of receiving the MenB vaccine with eligible adolescents | 41 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Recommend that all adolescents who did not get the MenACWY vaccine through school get it | 55 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Routinely offer all eligible adults the Tdap vaccine | 79 Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Offer all eligible adults travel vaccines (Hep A, Hep B, typhoid) according to CATMAT guidelines | NA Participants |
| Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Offer all eligible adults the shingles vaccines | NA Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Offer all eligible adults travel vaccines (Hep A, Hep B, typhoid) according to CATMAT guidelines | 121 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends that adults receive vaccine for protection against influenza | 163 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommend that adults 50+ receive a vaccine for protection against shingles | 139 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends that older adults (65+) receive a high-dose influenza vaccine | 140 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Routinely offer all eligible adults the Tdap vaccine | 93 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends healthy adolescents/young adults receive vaccine for MenACWY | 133 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Discuss the option of receiving the MenB vaccine with eligible adolescents | 50 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI indicates that healthy adolescents/young adults may receive vaccine for MenB | 97 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Offer all eligible adults the shingles vaccines | 132 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that NACI recommends that adults receive vaccination for protection against whooping cough | 143 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Recommend that all adolescents who did not get the MenACWY vaccine through school get it | 66 Participants |
| Non-Intervention Communities | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | Awareness that CATMAT recommends adults receive travel vaccines depending on where they travel | 161 Participants |