Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Conditions
Brief summary
This is a multicenter, nonrandomized, open-label phase 2 study (with a safety run-in phase) of azacitidine (AZA) 75 mg/m2 given IV or SQ on days 1-7 every 28 days in combination with pembrolizumab 200 mg given IV every 3 weeks (starting on day 8 of cycle 1). The dose/schedule of AZA selected for this study is FDA approved for patients with MDS/AML.
Detailed description
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge. Although 60-80% of newly diagnosed patients with AML respond to induction chemotherapy, the relapse rate remains high (40%-50%) even after allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT). Data suggests that epigenetic therapy with azacitidine combined with blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is a rational therapeutic approach both in newly diagnosed older patients and those with relapsed and refractory AML. Furthermore, recent data suggest that the addition of PD-1 blockade (nivolumab) to azacitidine in patients with AML who have previously failed hypomethylating agents may induce responses in up to 20% patients We plan to examine two AML patient cohorts: Cohort 1: relapsed/refractory AML. Cohort 2: newly diagnosed AML in older patients (≥65 years) not candidates for induction chemotherapy. Azacitidine and pembrolizumab have distinct mechanisms of action with no common overlapping toxicities; however, as azacitidine and pembrolizumab have not been tested previously in combination in AML patients, we plan to start enrollment with Cohort 1 (a safety run-in phase) and include only relapsed/refractory AML patients excluding those relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT). The primary objective of the run in safety phase would be to determine the safe and tolerable dose/schedule of azacitidine and pembrolizumab in patients with AML. We will perform safety run in phase only in Cohort 1 as Cohort 2 patients would be expected to have a same or better tolerability given that they are not heavily pretreated
Interventions
DRUGpembrolizumab
Intravenous pembrolizumab
DRUGAzacitadine
Intravenous or subcutaneous
Sponsors
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Cohort #1 1. Have histologically or cytologically confirmed relapsed or refractory AML (i.e. ≥5% blasts by manual differential on bone marrow aspirate/biopsy/flow cytometry), excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; FAB M3; t(15;17)) 2. Be willing and able to provide written informed consent/assent for the trial. 3. Be \> 18 years of age on day of signing informed consent. 4. Not be appropriate candidate for intensive salvage chemotherapy due to co-morbidities or other disease- or treatment-related factors. NOTE: Subjects who received prior treatment with hypomethylating agents either for Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN), or AML will be eligible if they achieved response to hypomethylating agents in the past (PR or CR) and did not progress while receiving therapy with hypomethylating agents. NOTE: Subjects who had prior allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) will be eligible as long as they have been at least 3 months after allogeneic HSCT and are off of all immune suppression for at least 3 weeks (\>21 days) and have no evidence of active graft versus host disease (GVHD). Subjects with prior alloHSCT will NOT be eligible for enrollment during the safety run in phase. 5. Demonstrate adequate organ function as defined in Table 1, all screening labs should be performed within 14 days of treatment initiation. 6. ECOG performance status ≤ 2. 7. A projected life expectancy of at least 12 weeks. 8. Female subject of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required. 9. Female subjects of childbearing potential (Section 5.8.2) must be willing to use an adequate method of contraception as outlined in Section 5.8.2 - Contraception, for the course of the study through 120 days after the last dose of study medication. Note: Abstinence is acceptable if this is the usual lifestyle and preferred contraception for the subject. 10. Male subjects of childbearing potential (Section 5.8.2) must agree to use an adequate method of contraception as outlined in Section 5.8.2- Contraception, starting with the first dose of study therapy through 120 days after the last dose of study therapy. Note: Abstinence is acceptable if this is the usual lifestyle and preferred contraception for the subject. 11. As determined by the enrolling physician or protocol designee, ability of the patient to understand and comply with study procedures for the entire length of the study. Cohort #2 1. Have histologically and cytologically confirmed newly diagnosed AML (i.e. ≥ 20% blasts by manual differential on bone marrow aspirate/biopsy and/or in peripheral blood), excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; FAB M3, t (15;17)) 2. Be willing and able to provide written informed consent/assent for the trial. 3. Be ≥65 years of age on day of signing informed consent. 4. Have received NO prior treatment for AML with the exception of hydroxyurea/leukapheresis. NOTE: Subjects may have been treated for pre-existent myeloid disorder such as Myelodysplastic Syndrome or Myeloproliferative Neoplasm excluding hypomethylating agents. 5. Demonstrate adequate organ function as defined in Table 1, all screening labs should be performed within 14 days of treatment initiation. 6. ECOG performance status ≤ 2. 7. A projected life expectancy of at least 12 weeks. 8. Female subject of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required. 9. Female subjects of childbearing potential (Section 5.8.2) must be willing to use an adequate method of contraception as outlined in Section 5.8.2 - Contraception, for the course of the study through 120 days after the last dose of study medication. Note: Abstinence is acceptable if this is the usual lifestyle and preferred contraception for the subject. 10. Male subjects of childbearing potential (Section 5.8.2) must agree to use an adequate method of contraception as outlined in Section 5.8.2- Contraception, starting with the first dose of study therapy through 120 days after the last dose of study therapy. Note: Abstinence is acceptable if this is the usual lifestyle and preferred contraception for the subject. 11. As determined by the enrolling physician or protocol designee, ability of the patient to understand and comply with study procedures for the entire length of the study. Adequate Organ Function Laboratory Values White blood cell (WBC) count \<30,000 /mcL Serum creatinine OR Measured or calculated creatinine clearance (GFR can also be used in place of creatinine or CrCl) ≤1.5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) OR ≥60 mL/min for subject with creatinine levels \> 1.5 X institutional ULN Serum total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 X ULN\* AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) ≤ 3 X ULN Albumin \>2.5 mg/dL International Normalized Ratio (INR) or Prothrombin Time (PT) Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) ≤1.5 X ULN unless subject is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or PTT is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants ≤1.5 X ULN unless subject is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or PTT is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants
Exclusion criteria
Cohort #1 1. Is currently participating and receiving study therapy or has participated in a study of an investigational agent and received study therapy or used an investigational device within 4 weeks of the first dose of treatment. NOTE: Subjects who were treated on a clinical study of allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) will be eligible if they are at least 3 months after allogeneic HCT and are at least 3 weeks (\>21 days) off of all immune suppression and have no evidence of active GVHD (physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency is allowed). Subjects with prior alloHSCT will not be eligible for enrollment during the safety run in phase. 2. Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving systemic steroid therapy or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment. 3. Has a known history of active TB (Bacillus Tuberculosis) 4. Hypersensitivity to pembrolizumab or any of its excipients. 5. Has had a prior anti-cancer monoclonal antibody (mAb) within 4 weeks prior to study Day 1 or who has not recovered (i.e., ≤ Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier. 6. Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule therapy, or radiation therapy within 2 weeks or growth factors within 1 week prior to study Day 1 or who has not recovered (i.e., ≤ Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to a previously administered agent. * Note: Subjects with ≤ Grade 2 neuropathy are an exception to this criterion and may qualify for the study. * Note: If subject received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting therapy. 7. Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment. Exceptions include basal cell carcinoma of the skin or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has undergone potentially curative therapy or in situ cervical cancer. 8. Has known active central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. Subjects with previously treated CNS leukemia may participate provided that they have documented clearance of CNS leukemia and are not actively treated with intrathecal chemotherapy. 9. Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (eg., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment. Subjects that require intermittent use of bronchodilators or local steroid injections will not be excluded from the study. 10. Has known history of, or any evidence of active, non-infectious pneumonitis. 11. Has an active uncontrolled infection requiring systemic therapy (viral, bacterial or fungal). Patients with infection under active treatment and controlled with antibiotics are eligible. 12. Has a white blood cell count \> 30 x 109/L. NOTE: Leukapheresis and Hydroxyurea is permitted to meet this criterion and should be stopped ≥12 hours before starting treatment on the study. 13. Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the trial, interfere with the subject's participation for the full duration of the trial, or is not in the best interest of the subject to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator. 14. Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial. 15. Is pregnant or breastfeeding, or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the pre-screening or screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment. 16. Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-PD-L2 agent. 17. Has a known history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (HIV 1/2 antibodies). 18. Has known active Hepatitis B (e.g., HBsAg reactive) or Hepatitis C (e.g., HCV RNA \[qualitative\] is detected). 19. Has received a live vaccine within 30 days of planned start of study therapy. Note: Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally inactivated flu vaccines and are allowed; however intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist®) are live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed. Cohort #2 1. Has received treatment with hypomethylating agent for pre-existent myeloid disorder such Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) or Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN). 2. Is currently participating and receiving study therapy or has participated in a study of an investigational agent and received study therapy or used an investigational device within 4 weeks of the first dose of treatment for pre-existent myeloid disorder such as MDS or MPN. 3. Not be eligible for treatment with a standard cytarabine and anthracycline or similar intensive induction chemotherapy due to co-morbidities or other factors, or is unwilling to receive intensive induction therapy. 4. Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving systemic steroid therapy or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment. 5. Has a known history of active TB (Bacillus Tuberculosis) 6. Hypersensitivity to pembrolizumab or any of its excipients. 7. Has had a prior anti-cancer monoclonal antibody (mAb) within 4 weeks prior to study Day 1 or who has not recovered (i.e., ≤ Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier. 8. Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule therapy, or radiation therapy within 2 weeks or growth factors within 1 week prior to study Day 1 or who has not recovered (i.e., ≤ Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to a previously administered agent. * Note: Subjects with ≤ Grade 2 neuropathy are an exception to this criterion and may qualify for the study. * Note: If subject received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting therapy. 9. Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment. Exceptions include basal cell carcinoma of the skin or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has undergone potentially curative therapy or in situ cervical cancer. 10. Has known active central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. Subjects with previously treated CNS leukemia may participate provided that they have documented clearance of CNS leukemia and are not actively treated with intrathecal chemotherapy. 11. Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (eg., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment. Subjects that require intermittent use of bronchodilators or local steroid injections will not be excluded from the study. 12. Has known history of, or any evidence of active, non-infectious pneumonitis. 13. Has an active uncontrolled infection requiring systemic therapy (viral, bacterial or fungal). Patients with infection under active treatment and controlled with antibiotics are eligible. 14. Has a white blood cell count \> 30 x 109/L. NOTE: Leukapheresis and hydroxyurea is permitted to meet this criterion and should be stopped ≥12 hours before starting treatment on the study. 15. Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the trial, interfere with the subject's participation for the full duration of the trial, or is not in the best interest of the subject to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator. 16. Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial. 17. Is pregnant or breastfeeding, or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the pre-screening or screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment. 18. Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-PD-L2 agent. 19. Has a known history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (HIV 1/2 antibodies). 20. Has known active Hepatitis B (e.g., HBsAg reactive) or Hepatitis C (e.g., HCV RNA \[qualitative\] is detected). 21. Has received a live vaccine within 30 days of planned start of study therapy.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Maximal Tolerable Dose of Pembrolizumab for Cohort 1 | 3- 28 day cycles | The primary objective is to determine the safe and tolerable dose for both the relapsed/refractory AML patients. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Who Had Complete Remission/Complete Remission With Incomplete Recovery | 3-28 day cycles | Response will be assessed using the International European LeukemiaNet Guidelines in AML63 and IWG Modified Response Criteria (2006) for CR and CRi. CR is bone marrow blasts \<5%; absence of circulating blasts; ANC \> or = 1, 000/mcL; platelet count \> or = 100,000/mcL. CRi is all CR criteria except for residual neutropenia (\<1,000/mcL) or thrombocytopenia (\<100,000/mcL). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
40 participants started in phase 1 of the study followed by an additional 27 participants in phase 2
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1: Relapsed/Refractory AML Patients The treatment of relapsed and refractory AML patients.
pembrolizumab: Intravenous pembrolizumab
Azacitadine: Intravenous or subcutaneous | 40 |
| Cohort 2: Newly Diagnosed Older Patients Not Eligible for Intensive Chemo The treatment of newly diagnosed AML patients (≥ 65 years) who are not candidates for intensive induction chemotherapy.
pembrolizumab: Intravenous pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks
Azacitadine: Intravenous or subcutaneous | 27 |
| Total | 67 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Cohort 2: Newly Diagnosed Older Patients Not Eligible for Intensive Chemo | Total | Cohort 1: Relapsed/Refractory AML Patients |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 27 Participants | 45 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 22 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 75 years | 70 years | 65 years |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | 0 Participants | — |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 27 Participants | 67 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 21 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 24 Participants | 46 Participants | 22 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 39 / 40 | 23 / 27 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 6 / 40 | 0 / 27 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 4 / 40 | 1 / 27 |
Outcome results
Primary
Maximal Tolerable Dose of Pembrolizumab for Cohort 1
The primary objective is to determine the safe and tolerable dose for both the relapsed/refractory AML patients.
Time frame: 3- 28 day cycles
Population: This outcome was assessed only in Cohort 1.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1: Relapsed/Refractory AML Patients | Maximal Tolerable Dose of Pembrolizumab for Cohort 1 | 200 mg |
Secondary
Number of Participants Who Had Complete Remission/Complete Remission With Incomplete Recovery
Response will be assessed using the International European LeukemiaNet Guidelines in AML63 and IWG Modified Response Criteria (2006) for CR and CRi. CR is bone marrow blasts \<5%; absence of circulating blasts; ANC \> or = 1, 000/mcL; platelet count \> or = 100,000/mcL. CRi is all CR criteria except for residual neutropenia (\<1,000/mcL) or thrombocytopenia (\<100,000/mcL).
Time frame: 3-28 day cycles
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1: Relapsed/Refractory AML Patients | Number of Participants Who Had Complete Remission/Complete Remission With Incomplete Recovery | 5 Participants |
| Cohort 2: Newly Diagnosed Older Patients Not Eligible for Intensive Chemo | Number of Participants Who Had Complete Remission/Complete Remission With Incomplete Recovery | 13 Participants |