Cerebral Palsy, Developmental Delay, Fine Motor Delay, Infant Development, Other Development Delays, Stroke
Conditions
Keywords
infant, baby, developmental delay, robotics, cerebral palsy
Brief summary
The study aims to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. By capitalizing on these wireless and low-cost technologies, it will permit the regular and non-invasive monitoring of infants, which can lead to detailed, non-obtrusive, quantitative evaluation of motor development. In this vein, the investigators also aim to conduct proof-of-concept testing of the SmarToyGym with atypical and typical developing infants. The investigators will include infants' ages 3 to 11 months who are categorized as high-risk or low-risk using the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener.
Detailed description
The proposed research is specifically designed to investigate the ability of a novel tool to identify atypically developing infants from their typically developing peers. Twenty-four infants will be recruited to participate, including 12 who are developing typically and 12 who are identified as at-risk for neuromotor delay. Infants with typical development will be at least 3 months and less than 11 months of age, score in the low-risk category on the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener (BINS), score a greater than 85 on all sub-scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-II), have no history of significant cardiac, orthopedic, or neurological condition, and gestational age at least 37 weeks. Infants at risk for neuromotor delay will be at least 3 months and less than 11 months of age (corrected for preterm birth if applicable), score in the moderate or high risk categories on the BINS, and score an 85 or less on the motor sub-scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-II). In an effort to decrease variability of the data, infants in each group will be further stratified into an older group (8-10+ months) and a younger group (3-5 months).
Interventions
DEVICESmarToyGym
We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture.
Sponsors
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
University of Pennsylvania
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
DIAGNOSTIC
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
3 Months to 11 Months
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Infants exhibiting typical development between 3 months and 11 months of age who score in the low-risk category on the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopment Screener (BINS), score greater than 85 on all sub-scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-II), have no history of significant cardiac, orthopedic or neurological condition and have a gestational age at least 37 weeks. * Infants exhibiting atypical development (at-risk for neuromotor delay) between 3 months and 11 months of age, score in the moderate or high risk categories on the BINS, and score an 85 or less on the motor sub-scales of the BSID-II. *
Exclusion criteria
* Infants outside age range of 3-11 months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. |
| Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. |
| Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. |
| Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Gaze Time | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. |
| Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Gaze Time | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. |
| Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Gaze Time | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. |
| Number of Occurrences of Elephant Toy Interactions | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy | Frequency of infant interactions with the Elephant toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. |
| Number of Occurrences of Orangutan Toy Interactions | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy | Frequency of infant interactions with the Orangutan toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. |
| Number of Occurrences of Lion Toy Interactions | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy | Frequency of infant interactions with the Lion toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ankle Position | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of ankle position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm ankle position were measured. Ankle position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. |
| Wrist Velocity | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Kinematic (x, y) representation of wrist movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist movement were measured. Wrist movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. |
| Ankle Velocity | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Kinematic (x, y) representation of ankle movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left ankle movement were measured. Ankle movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. |
| Wrist Position | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of wrist position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist position were measured. Wrist position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The same group of infants were analyzed throughout the study and for all outcome measures. The number differs for each outcome measure because data for some infants were excluded, the number varying for each study due to the specific outcome measure. These exclusions are specifically explained for each outcome measure in the outcome measures section. Infants #35 and #36 were consented, but no data was collected for them regarding any outcome measure.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Full-Term and Pre-Term Infants Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of \> 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age \< 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age.
Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development, and by low, moderate, and high risk.
SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc.
A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. | 36 |
| Total | 36 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Excluded 7 due to protocol adjustments. Specific exclusions listed under each outcome measure. | 7 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Full-Term and Pre-Term Infants |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 36 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 6 month STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 33 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 11 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 21 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 24 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 12 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 26 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 26 | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 26 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0311 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0171 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0508 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0206 |
p-value: 0.000595% CI: [-0.0331, -0.007]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0312 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0153 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0617 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0181 |
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.0138, 0.048]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0342 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0123 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0421 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0126 |
p-value: 0.762495% CI: [-0.018, 0.0062]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0335 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0113 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0416 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0025 |
p-value: 0.678295% CI: [-0.0059, 0.0191]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0282 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0116 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0428 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0144 |
p-value: 0.005495% CI: [-0.0261, -0.0031]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0287 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.011 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0416 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0035 |
p-value: 0.032695% CI: [0.0007, 0.0251]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0251 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.105 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | 0.0417 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.0115 |
p-value: 0.008895% CI: [-0.0267, -0.0026]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0260 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.01 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.0445 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.007 |
p-value: 0.002595% CI: [0.0045, 0.0295]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | 1.520 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | 1.159 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 1.001 |
p-value: 0.994795% CI: [-0.921, 1.477]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1.3491 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.7232 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1.6428 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 1.7433 |
p-value: 0.96695% CI: [-1.1243, 2.1739]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | 2.046 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.658 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | 0.738 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.285 |
p-value: 0.031495% CI: [0.066, 2.286]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1.8048 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.7578 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.6503 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.2535 |
p-value: 0.112995% CI: [-2.2785, 0.1375]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Birth Status) | *StdDevY (Full-Term) | 1.863 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Birth Status) | *StdDevY (Pre-Term) | 0.799 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.502 |
p-value: 0.047995% CI: [0.006, 2.122]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1.6920 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.9442 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 0.6177 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.3032 |
p-value: 0.095895% CI: [-2.255, 0.1059]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | 1.857 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.981 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | 0.890 centimeters per minute (cm/min) | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
p-value: 0.261495% CI: [-0.274, 1.945]ANOVA
Primary
Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome)
Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments.~11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched).~3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1.5857 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 1.0106 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | 1.0820 centimeters per second (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.6662 |
p-value: 0.946295% CI: [-1.6278, 0.7882]ANOVA
Primary
Number of Occurrences of Elephant Toy Interactions
Frequency of infant interactions with the Elephant toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Number of Occurrences of Elephant Toy Interactions | 22.5 occurrences |
| Pre-Term Infants | Number of Occurrences of Elephant Toy Interactions | 0 occurrences |
Primary
Number of Occurrences of Lion Toy Interactions
Frequency of infant interactions with the Lion toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Number of Occurrences of Lion Toy Interactions | 1 occurrences |
| Pre-Term Infants | Number of Occurrences of Lion Toy Interactions | 0 occurrences |
Primary
Number of Occurrences of Orangutan Toy Interactions
Frequency of infant interactions with the Orangutan toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Number of Occurrences of Orangutan Toy Interactions | 7 occurrences |
| Pre-Term Infants | Number of Occurrences of Orangutan Toy Interactions | 7 occurrences |
Primary
Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Gaze Time
Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Gaze Time | 59.6 seconds (s) |
| Pre-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Gaze Time | 0 seconds (s) |
Primary
Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time
Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 90.7 second (s) |
| Pre-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 0 second (s) |
Primary
Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Gaze Time
Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Gaze Time | 21.7 seconds (s) |
| Pre-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Gaze Time | 0 seconds (s) |
Primary
Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time
Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 2.2 seconds (s) |
| Pre-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 0 seconds (s) |
Primary
Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Gaze Time
Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Gaze Time | 83.5 seconds (s) |
| Pre-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Gaze Time | 44.8 seconds (s) |
Primary
Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time
Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds.
Time frame: 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy
Population: 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments.~5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies.~6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 69.3 seconds (s) |
| Pre-Term Infants | Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | 27.9 seconds (s) |
Secondary
Ankle Position
Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of ankle position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm ankle position were measured. Ankle position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation).~3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Ankle Position | Ankle Position, x | -0.018 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Full-Term Infants | Ankle Position | Ankle Position, y | 1.580 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.076 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Ankle Position | Ankle Position, x | 0.017 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.176 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Ankle Position | Ankle Position, y | 1.472 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.094 |
| High-Risk Infants | Ankle Position | Ankle Position, x | -0.056 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.097 |
| High-Risk Infants | Ankle Position | Ankle Position, y | 1.348 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.389 |
Secondary
Ankle Velocity
Kinematic (x, y) representation of ankle movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left ankle movement were measured. Ankle movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation).~3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Ankle Velocity | Ankle Velocity, x | 0.052 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.02 |
| Full-Term Infants | Ankle Velocity | Ankle Velocity, y | 0.041 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.018 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Ankle Velocity | Ankle Velocity, x | 0.072 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.029 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Ankle Velocity | Ankle Velocity, y | 0.067 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.039 |
| High-Risk Infants | Ankle Velocity | Ankle Velocity, x | 0.067 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.042 |
| High-Risk Infants | Ankle Velocity | Ankle Velocity, y | 0.062 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.046 |
Secondary
Wrist Position
Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of wrist position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist position were measured. Wrist position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation).~3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Wrist Position | Wrist Position, x | 0.008 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.031 |
| Full-Term Infants | Wrist Position | Wrist Position, y | 0.370 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.229 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Wrist Position | Wrist Position, x | 0.088 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.239 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Wrist Position | Wrist Position, y | 0.268 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.217 |
| High-Risk Infants | Wrist Position | Wrist Position, x | -0.044 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.146 |
| High-Risk Infants | Wrist Position | Wrist Position, y | 0.224 pixels per normalized trunk length | Standard Deviation 0.185 |
Secondary
Wrist Velocity
Kinematic (x, y) representation of wrist movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist movement were measured. Wrist movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation).~3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Term Infants | Wrist Velocity | Wrist Velocity, x | 0.034 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.014 |
| Full-Term Infants | Wrist Velocity | Wrist Velocity, y | 0.035 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.016 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Wrist Velocity | Wrist Velocity, x | 0.048 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.017 |
| Pre-Term Infants | Wrist Velocity | Wrist Velocity, y | 0.045 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.019 |
| High-Risk Infants | Wrist Velocity | Wrist Velocity, x | 0.048 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.023 |
| High-Risk Infants | Wrist Velocity | Wrist Velocity, y | 0.054 pixels (per trunk length) per second | Standard Deviation 0.023 |