Aging
Conditions
Keywords
elders, robotics, low income population, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, social robotics, stroke, aged, Retirement, Housing for elderly, Homes for the aged
Brief summary
This project develops and tests the use of service robots to track health of the elderly over time. The objectives are to develop a low-cost mobile manipulator capable of a limited set of elder- relevant manipulation tasks (e.g. picking up dropped items). The investigators will visualize and model the use of the service robot during deployments at an elder care facility. Feedback from focus groups with elders and clinicians will inform the necessary engineering innovation.
Detailed description
The goal is to develop in three stages a new affordable robot with the participation of Living Independently for Elders (LIFE) members and clinicians. The robot will be developed by a multidisciplinary team headed by Dr. Yim at University of Pennsylvania (UPENN) (PI), Dr. Tessa Lau at Savioke Corp, and Drs. Johnson and Cacchionne at UPENN PM&R and UPENN Nursing, respectively. The aim is to build a low-cost robot platform that will focus on the simple, but key, repetitive, data-driven tasks that robots do well. Rather than attempt to create a robot helper that mimics humans, the aim is to free human caregivers from the time-consuming tasks that robots can accomplish with facility, thereby allowing humans to focus on tasks that humans do best (i.e. human contact). Participatory reviews of the developed prototypes will be completed at each stage (each year) with the LIFE members and clinicians. There are three research questions the investigators hope to answer all while building an effective system to synergistically satisfy the business needs: R1) Although activities of daily living (ADLs) for elder health have previously been documented and categorized, no research has been done to characterize them from the perspective of their feasibility of automation using an affordable mobile manipulation robot. How can known ADLs be characterized according to how much they would benefit from robotic assistance given varying levels of robot capabilities (mobility, limited manipulation, full manipulation)? R2) A manipulator arm must be safe, affordable, and performant enough to assist in ADLs for elder heath. What new breakthroughs are required to develop new manipulation technology that satisfies these constraints? R3) A data-driven service robotics What are the concomitant key usability and acceptance of service features required system has the potential to affect elder health in a positive way. How can predictive service robotics best be used to maintain and improve elder health? Which specific robot behaviors have the most impact on elders' well-being?
Interventions
DEVICEMobile Service Robot
The goal is to build a low-cost mobile service robot with an arm that will focus on the simple, but key, repetitive, data-driven tasks that robots do well. Rather than attempt to create a robot helper that mimics humans, the goal is to free human caregivers from the time-consuming tasks that robots can accomplish with facility, thereby allowing humans to focus on tasks that humans do best (i.e. human contact).
OTHERSurvey
Observe Elders, Clinicians and Caregiver's survey, interview and observational responses to stage-wise experimental deployments of a mobile service robot.
Sponsors
U.S. National Science Foundation
University of Pennsylvania
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Elders, age 55 and older,who are members of Living Independently For Elders (LIFE) run by the University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing and their caregivers. * Elders at Kearsley or Mercy Douglas who are 62 years and older, in imminent risk of a nursing home placement, attends LIFE center daily (day program), able to have activities of daily living (ADL) needs met by caregivers, able to pay required rent for apartment, and able to function safely in community with other elders. * Savioke may conduct additional focus groups at The Forum at Rancho San Antonio a Continuing Care Retirement Community located in Silicon Valley. * Clinicians will be recruited from the clinical staff working at LIFE, Kearsley, and Mercy Douglas which consists of primary care physicians, nurses and nurse practitioners, licensed social workers, and physical and occupational therapists. * Caregivers will be recruited from the clinical staff working at LIFE, Kearsley, and Mercy Douglas which consists of certified nursing assistants (CNAs).
Exclusion criteria
* Unable to cognitively give consent * Unable to understand the study or refuse to comply with procedures
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Usability Scale for Deployment 1 | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Usability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Usability survey scored from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most favorable response. A number greater than 68 is good. |
| Usability Scale for Deployment 2 | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Usability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Usability survey scored out of 7. Users ranked tasks on a scale of 1-7, 7 being very usable. |
| Sociability Scale for Deployment 1 | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Sociability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Sociability survey scored from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most favorable response. A number greater than 68 is good. |
| Sociability Scale for Deployment 2 | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Sociability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Sociability survey scored out of 7. Users ranked tasks on a scale of 1-7, 7 being very usable. |
| Acceptability Scale for Deployment 1 | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Acceptability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Acceptability survey scored from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most favorable response. A number greater than 68 is good. |
| Acceptability Scale for Deployment 2 | 1 session, about 1 hour in length | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Acceptability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Acceptability survey scored out of 7. Users ranked tasks on a scale of 1-7, 7 being very usable. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Elders, caregivers, and clinicians were recommended and recruited to the study from the same recruitment site.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Clinicians, Caregivers and Elders Observe Elders, Clinicians and Caregiver's survey, interview and observational responses to stage-wise experimental deployments of a mobile service robot - 1st concept, 2nd mobile base, and 3rd mobile base with arm in daily supportive tasks
Mobile Service Robot: The goal is to build a low-cost mobile service robot with an arm that will focus on the simple, but key, repetitive, data-driven tasks that robots do well. Rather than attempt to create a robot helper that mimics humans, the goal is to free human caregivers from the time-consuming tasks that robots can accomplish with facility, thereby allowing humans to focus on tasks that humans do best (i.e. human contact). | 53 |
| Total | 53 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Clinicians, Caregivers and Elders |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical Caregivers <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Caregivers >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Caregivers Between 18 and 65 years | 6 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Clinicians <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Clinicians >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Clinicians Between 18 and 65 years | 8 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Elders <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Elders >=65 years | 33 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Elders Between 18 and 65 years | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers Black or African American | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Caregivers White | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians Black or African American | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Clinicians White | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders Black or African American | 38 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Elders White | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Caregivers Female | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Caregivers Male | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Clinicians Female | 7 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Clinicians Male | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Elders Female | 21 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Elders Male | 18 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 53 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 53 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 53 |
Outcome results
Primary
Acceptability Scale for Deployment 1
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Acceptability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Acceptability survey scored from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most favorable response. A number greater than 68 is good.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: Elders above the age of 55 years old who participated in the water delivery and walking tasks (Aim 2, Deployment 1).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Acceptability Scale for Deployment 1 | Water Delivery Task with Robot | 76.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.63 |
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Acceptability Scale for Deployment 1 | Walking Task with Robot | 82.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.116 |
Primary
Acceptability Scale for Deployment 2
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Acceptability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Acceptability survey scored out of 7. Users ranked tasks on a scale of 1-7, 7 being very usable.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: Elders above the age of 55 years old who participated in the gaming tasks (Aim 2, Deployment 2).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Acceptability Scale for Deployment 2 | 6.608 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.056 |
Primary
Sociability Scale for Deployment 1
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Sociability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Sociability survey scored from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most favorable response. A number greater than 68 is good.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: Elders above the age of 55 years old who participated in the water delivery and walking tasks (Aim 2, Deployment 1).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Sociability Scale for Deployment 1 | Water Delivery Task with Robot | 59.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.97 |
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Sociability Scale for Deployment 1 | Walking Task with Robot | 82.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.96 |
Primary
Sociability Scale for Deployment 2
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Sociability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Sociability survey scored out of 7. Users ranked tasks on a scale of 1-7, 7 being very usable.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: Elders above the age of 55 years old who participated in the gaming tasks (Aim 2, Deployment 2).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Sociability Scale for Deployment 2 | 6.882 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.332 |
Primary
Usability Scale for Deployment 1
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Usability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Usability survey scored from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most favorable response. A number greater than 68 is good.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: Elders above the age of 55 years old who participated in the water delivery and walking tasks (Aim 2, Deployment 1).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Usability Scale for Deployment 1 | Water Delivery with Robot | 78.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.608 |
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Usability Scale for Deployment 1 | Walking Delivery Task with Robot | 77.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.167 |
Primary
Usability Scale for Deployment 2
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) assistance, feasibility of automation of manipulator and arm measured by surveys and observation of participants in focus group. Usability of robot system for walking and water delivery tasks. Usability survey scored out of 7. Users ranked tasks on a scale of 1-7, 7 being very usable.
Time frame: 1 session, about 1 hour in length
Population: Elders above the age of 55 years old who participated in the gaming tasks (Aim 2, Deployment 2).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 2: Deployment 1 (Elders) | Usability Scale for Deployment 2 | 6.266 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.204 |