Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Conditions
Brief summary
Objective: The main target of this study was to research the early changes of retrobulbar and intrarenal hemodynamics, then to research the correlation between them in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients without diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Method: 35 T2DM patients (diabetes group) without vascular complications and 30 healthy people (control group) were recruited to research the early changes of renal function, retrobulbar and intrarenal hemodynamics, and then to research the correlation between them. The primary endpoints were the intrarenal hemodynamic (bilateral kidney RI) in bilateral interlobular renal arteries were evaluated using Doppler Sonographic; the secondary endpoints were the retrobulbar hemodynamics RI in the bilateral central retinal artery (CRA), posterior ciliary artery (PCA), and arteria ophthalmica (OA) were evaluated using color doppler imaging (CDI); the tertiary endpoints were the biochemical endpoints: blood-fat (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG), FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, and renal function parameters (BUN, Cr, and GFR); in addition, the albumin excrete rate (AER), urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured.
Interventions
DEVICEColor doppler imaging
Sponsors
Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
RETROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
35 Years to 66 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. The patients were diagnosed with T2DM according to the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association ; 2. No smoking history, pulmonary disease, cold, nor pulmonary infection within a fortnight; 3. Did not have hepatopathy, nephropathy, hyperuricemia, and gastrointestinal disease; and 4. Likely to have good compliance and able to visit our hospital for periodic assessments.
Exclusion criteria
1. T1DM, gestation and lactation; 2. Renal inadequacy,hypohepatia,and heart failure; 3. Intensive care with insulin treatment; 4. The patients combined with DR and hypertension (antihypertensive drugs were used); 5. Patients with other eye conditions that could affect the blood flow, such as high degree myopia, maculopathy of any origin, glaucoma, and those with a history of laser treatment or intraocular surgery; 6. The patients combinated with DKD; 7. Patients with other renal conditions that could affect the blood flow, such as urolithiasis, urinary infection, and renal cyst (diameter \> 3 cm); 8. Cholesterol-lowering drugs can not control the blood-fat (TC \> 250 mg/dl, HDL-C \< 30 mg/dL, LDL-C \> 170 mg/dl, TG \> 200 mg/dl) adequately.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Intrarenal hemodynamic (bilateral kidney RI) in bilateral interlobular renal arteries were evaluated using Doppler Sonographic in 34 patients | 3 weeks | RI(resistivity index) |
| Retrobulbar RI in the bilateral Retrobulbar artery were evaluated using color doppler imaging (CDI) in 34 patients | 3 weeks | RI(resistivity index),Retrobulbar artery［central retinal artery (CRA), posterior ciliary artery (PCA), and arteria ophthalmica (OA)］ |
| The correlation between the bilateral retrobulbar RI and bilateral kidney RI in 34 patients | 3 weeks | RI(resistivity index) |
Outcome results
None listed