Cardiovascular Disease, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation
Conditions
Keywords
Diet, Mediterranean, Cholesterol, Inflammation
Brief summary
A Mediterranean dietary pattern emphasizing an abundance of plant-based foods including nuts, moderate intakes of fish, poultry and low-fat dairy products, and use of extra virgin olive oil as the main source of fat has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and such a pattern has been advocated by the 2015 U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The strongest experimental support for this recommendation derives from the success of the recent PREDIMED CVD outcomes trial, and studies indicating that a Mediterranean-style diet improves lipoprotein and oxidative markers of cardiovascular disease risk in comparison to either low-fat or Western dietary patterns. However, in none of these studies were comparisons made between the effects of Mediterranean-style diets with low-/nonfat vs. full-fat dairy foods. The overall objective of the present proposal is to determine whether the inclusion of full-fat rather than low- and nonfat dairy foods in a Mediterranean dietary pattern based on that used in the PREDIMED study results in similar improvements in biomarkers of CVD risk. Specifically, we will test the hypotheses that 1) a standard Mediterranean diet will lower LDL-C and apoB compared to a Western diet; 2) modification of the Mediterranean diet by replacing low-fat dairy products with high-fat dairy (3 servings/day; high-dairy fat Mediterranean diet) will not significantly increase LDL-C and apoB but may raise large buoyant LDL particles compared with a standard Mediterranean diet; and 3) the high dairy fat and standard Mediterranean diets will result in comparable reductions in levels of inflammatory markers and oxidized LDL, and improvements in endothelial function compared to a Western diet.
Interventions
OTHERDietary Intervention
3 wk dietary intervention with prescribed menus and \ 50% foods provided.
Sponsors
Dairy Management Inc.
UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* BMI 25-35 kg/m2 * Weight stable for \> 3 months * Agrees to abstain from alcohol or dietary supplements during the study
Exclusion criteria
* History of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, bleeding disorder, liver or renal disease, diabetes, lung disease, HIV, or cancer (other than skin cancer) in the last 5 years. * Current use of hormones or drugs knowns to affect lipid metabolism * Use of nicotine products or recreational drugs * Abnormal TSH * Pregnant or breastfeeding * Total- and LDL- cholesterol \> 95th percentile for sex and age * Fasting triglyceride \> 500 mg/dl * Fasting blood sugar \> 126 mg/dl * Blood pressure \>160/95 mm Hg * Allergy to or unwillingness to consume study foods
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Plasma LDL-cholesterol | 3 weeks |
| Plasma Apolipoprotein B | 3 weeks |
| Plasma Small LDL concentrations | 3 weeks |
| Plasma Large LDL particle concentrations | 3 weeks |
| Plasma Total LDL particle concentrations | 3 weeks |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma Interleukin-6 | 3 weeks | — |
| Plasma Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) | 3 weeks | — |
| Plasma triglycerides | 3 weeks | — |
| RH-PAT index (endothelial function) | 3 weeks | Endothelial function measured by finger reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonography |
| Plasma Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) | 3 weeks | — |
| Plasma HDL-cholesterol | 3 weeks | — |
| Plasma apolipoprotein AI | 3 weeks | — |
| Plasma oxidized LDL | 3 weeks | — |
| Plasma C-reactive protein | 3 weeks | — |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed