Childhood Obesity
Conditions
Keywords
Childcare Center Regulations, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Screen-time Behavior
Brief summary
Objective is to examine the physical activity and screen-time behaviors of children enrolled in licensed childcare centers before and after the enactment of new state regulations.
Detailed description
Pause and Play aims to enroll 266 children. Each child will participate in the study for approximately 1 year. Surveys, anthropometric measures, and screen-time observations will take approximately 1 day each to complete, and the child will be given an accelerometer to wear at home for 7 days at both baseline and 1 year follow-up. Fundamental motor skill assessments will take place at baseline and 1 year follow-up after the 7 days of accelerometer wear. Staff members will spend approximately 2 weeks at each childcare center at baseline and 1 year follow-up to complete study procedures with each child.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Study design
Observational model
CASE_ONLY
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
3 Years to 4 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* A child who is 3 or 4 years old * Child spends at least 6 hours per day, 5 days per week at a participating childcare center * Child will continue to attend the same childcare center for the next year
Exclusion criteria
* Parent/legal guardian is unwilling to provide written informed consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | 1 Year | Physical activity will be measured with a 7 day accelerometer at baseline and 1 year, including minutes/day MVPA in childcare center, minutes/day MVPA total. Physical activity and time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity will be measured by a triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X+, Actigraph of Ft. Walton Beach, FL). Children will be measured on 7 full days during the baseline and follow-up periods.The Actigraph is one of the most common accelerometers used for scientific purposes, and the GT3X+ version provides extensive data on steps/day and time spent in various activity intensities. The research team will ask the parents to have the children wear the accelerometer for additional days (to a maximum of 14 days) to ensure that minimal data requirements are met. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Classroom Observation of Child Screen-time | 1 year | Classroom observation of child screen-time will be measured with the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) method to quantify average minutes/day screen-time in childcare center. Screen time will be assessed using classroom observation at the childcare center (from the EPAO observation in Aim 1). Results are reflecting changes in screen-time. |
| Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | 1 Year | Parent reports of child screen time to quantify minutes/day screen-time total. Parents will complete a survey adapted to provide information about the child's screen-time (separately for TV, computer, games console and smartphone) on weekdays and weekend days. For each item the parent will be asked to report the time the child spent using it for (a) a normal weekday and (b) a normal weekend day, with response options: none; 1 to 30 minutes; 31 minutes to 1 hour; 1 to 2 hours; 2 to 3 hours; 3 to 4 hours; 4 hours or more. The assessment of TV viewing using parental report has been shown to correlate moderately (r=0.60) with 10 days of TV diaries among young children. |
| Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | 1 year | Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among sedentary behavior (by screen-time observation/self-report and accelerometry) and physical activity (by accelerometry). The mean and standard deviation for time sedentary behavior and physical activity are presented in the table below. |
| Fundamental Motor Skills | 1 year | Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among Test of Gross Motor Development, 3rd edition (TGMD-3), and subscales (Ball Skills and Locomotor Skills). The TGMD-3 is a process-oriented assessment designed to assess gross motor performance of young children age 3-10 years. The total score for each item is established by the summation of all performance criteria scores for both trials, which are accumulated to determine the total locomotor and ball skills subtest scores and the overall TGMD-3 raw score for gross motor performance The maximum score a participant can obtain on locomotor is 46, for ball skills its 54, and overall gross motor performance is 100. The minimum score a child can receive is 0. Higher scores indicate better performance. Lower scores help identify delays and deficits in gross motor development in early childhood. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Children were recruited from 10 local preschool centers. Parents were not recruited or enrolled in this study, but they did complete surveys to assess for efficacy.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up Assessed differences in total EPAO score at baseline, follow-up, and overall change by policy engagement category (no engagement, some engagement, high engagement). | 49 |
| Total | 49 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 49 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race African American | 7 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Other | 5 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race White | 37 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 24 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 25 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 112 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 112 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 112 |
Outcome results
Primary
Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity
Physical activity will be measured with a 7 day accelerometer at baseline and 1 year, including minutes/day MVPA in childcare center, minutes/day MVPA total. Physical activity and time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity will be measured by a triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X+, Actigraph of Ft. Walton Beach, FL). Children will be measured on 7 full days during the baseline and follow-up periods.The Actigraph is one of the most common accelerometers used for scientific purposes, and the GT3X+ version provides extensive data on steps/day and time spent in various activity intensities. The research team will ask the parents to have the children wear the accelerometer for additional days (to a maximum of 14 days) to ensure that minimal data requirements are met.
Time frame: 1 Year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | Active Opportunities | 3.3 minutes | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | Sedentary Opportunities | -0.4 minutes | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | Sedentary Opportunities - Revised | 1.1 minutes | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | Sedentary Environment | 0.0 minutes | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | Portable Play Environment | 1.9 minutes | Standard Deviation 4 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Objective Child Physical Activity | Fixed Play Environment | -1.0 minutes | Standard Deviation 4 |
Secondary
Changes in Classroom Observation of Child Screen-time
Classroom observation of child screen-time will be measured with the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) method to quantify average minutes/day screen-time in childcare center. Screen time will be assessed using classroom observation at the childcare center (from the EPAO observation in Aim 1). Results are reflecting changes in screen-time.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Classroom Observation of Child Screen-time | Total screen-time | -20.9 minutes/day | Standard Deviation 39.2 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Classroom Observation of Child Screen-time | Television viewing | -2.8 minutes/day | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Changes in Classroom Observation of Child Screen-time | Non-television screen-time | -18.1 minutes/day | Standard Deviation 32.7 |
Secondary
Fundamental Motor Skills
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among Test of Gross Motor Development, 3rd edition (TGMD-3), and subscales (Ball Skills and Locomotor Skills). The TGMD-3 is a process-oriented assessment designed to assess gross motor performance of young children age 3-10 years. The total score for each item is established by the summation of all performance criteria scores for both trials, which are accumulated to determine the total locomotor and ball skills subtest scores and the overall TGMD-3 raw score for gross motor performance The maximum score a participant can obtain on locomotor is 46, for ball skills its 54, and overall gross motor performance is 100. The minimum score a child can receive is 0. Higher scores indicate better performance. Lower scores help identify delays and deficits in gross motor development in early childhood.
Time frame: 1 year
Population: 107 participants had complete physical activity and screen-time data sets at Baseline. Researchers followed up a year later- at this follow-up time, 53 participants had complete data sets at baseline and follow-up. Cross-sectional arm presents the mean number of hours participants spent in light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and screen time - at baseline. The Longitudinal arm presents means at follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Fundamental Motor Skills | Locomotor Skills | 34.9 Raw Score | Standard Deviation 22.8 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Fundamental Motor Skills | Ball Skills | 52.5 Raw Score | Standard Deviation 24.2 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Fundamental Motor Skills | Total TGMD-3 | 41.7 Raw Score | Standard Deviation 22.5 |
| Follow-up | Fundamental Motor Skills | Locomotor Skills | 35.0 Raw Score | Standard Deviation 24.3 |
| Follow-up | Fundamental Motor Skills | Ball Skills | 50.9 Raw Score | Standard Deviation 26.9 |
| Follow-up | Fundamental Motor Skills | Total TGMD-3 | 41.4 Raw Score | Standard Deviation 23.8 |
Secondary
Parent Reports of Child Screen Time
Parent reports of child screen time to quantify minutes/day screen-time total. Parents will complete a survey adapted to provide information about the child's screen-time (separately for TV, computer, games console and smartphone) on weekdays and weekend days. For each item the parent will be asked to report the time the child spent using it for (a) a normal weekday and (b) a normal weekend day, with response options: none; 1 to 30 minutes; 31 minutes to 1 hour; 1 to 2 hours; 2 to 3 hours; 3 to 4 hours; 4 hours or more. The assessment of TV viewing using parental report has been shown to correlate moderately (r=0.60) with 10 days of TV diaries among young children.
Time frame: 1 Year
Population: 110 parents completed the screen time survey in year 1. In Year 2 this dropped to 36. Some questions only one or two parents did not answer. All questions
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 9 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 4 hours | 2 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 2 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 5 hours | 1 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 10 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 27 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 54 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 7 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 41 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 8 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 20 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 3 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 10 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 30 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 2 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 3 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 3 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 18 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 28 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 42 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 35 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 1 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 19 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 35 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 16 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 24 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 6 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 1 hour | 8 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 5 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 37 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 5 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 2 hours | 8 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 5 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 24 Participants |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 3 hours | 2 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 11 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 4 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 12 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 6 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 9 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 4 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of computer hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 21 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 10 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 1 hour | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 2 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 3 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 4 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | 5 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of video games outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 22 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 19 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 4 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 2 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 1 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of smartphone use hours/day outside of school. | None, my child does not watch TV or videos | 8 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | Less than 1 hour | 14 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 5 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 2 hours | 2 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 3 hours | 2 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 4 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | 5 hours | 2 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of ipad/tablet use hours/day outside of school. | More than 5 hours | 0 Participants |
| Follow-up | Parent Reports of Child Screen Time | Monthly average of tv hours/day outside of school. | 1 hour | 12 Participants |
Secondary
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among sedentary behavior (by screen-time observation/self-report and accelerometry) and physical activity (by accelerometry). The mean and standard deviation for time sedentary behavior and physical activity are presented in the table below.
Time frame: 1 year
Population: 107 participants had complete physical activity and screen-time data sets at Baseline. Researchers followed up a year later- at this follow-up time, 53 participants had complete data sets at baseline and follow-up. Cross-sectional arm presents the mean number of hours participants spent in light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and screen time - at baseline. The Longitudinal arm presents means at follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) | 1.7 hours per day | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | Light Physical Activity (LPA) | 4.2 hours per day | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| ECE Center Changes Between Baseline and Follow-up | Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | Screen-time | 4.5 hours per day | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| Follow-up | Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | Light Physical Activity (LPA) | 4.1 hours per day | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Follow-up | Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) | 1.7 hours per day | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Follow-up | Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity | Screen-time | 3.8 hours per day | Standard Deviation 3.5 |