Autism Spectrum Disorders
Conditions
Keywords
Autism, ASD, Sleep, Mattress
Brief summary
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of the Sound To Sleep System™ in improving the sleep quality of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The Sound To Sleep System™ is a mattress foundation designed to improve sleep quality in individuals with ASD and sleep disturbance by providing mattress vibrations that accompany and sync with auditory stimulation. For the present study, the primary objectives are as follows: \* Study Aim 1 - To determine whether the use of the Sound To Sleep System™ in ASD-affected children with sleep disturbances is well tolerated as defined by group drop-out proportion due to issues with the mattress technology. The study will also explore the following objectives: * Study Aim 2 - To determine the efficacy of the Sound To Sleep System™ in improving sleep quality as measured by parent reported sleep quality in ASD-affected children with sleep disturbances. (Please note Study Aim 2 was changed from clinician-rated to parent-rated because we were not able to collect clinician-rated sleep quality information). * Study Aim 3 - To determine the tolerability of the Sound To Sleep System™ as defined by study drop-out due to any reason and caregiver ratings of ease of mattress technology use. * Study Aim 4 - To determine whether use of the mattress technology improves functioning as defined by secondary outcome measures.
Detailed description
The present study aims to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of a new mattress technology in improving the sleep quality of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Clinical and population studies indicate that children with ASD exhibit elevated rates of sleep disturbance compared to their typically-developing peers and that 50% to 80% of children with ASD have sleep problems. Sleep disturbance can include bedtime resistance, sleep onset latency, nighttime awakenings, decreased total sleep time, early morning awakenings, and other measures of sleep quality. Sleep problems in children with ASD are associated with greater externalizing and internalizing behavior problems during the waking day, poorer adaptive functioning, and can cause significant parental stress. Previous studies have examined the effectiveness of behavioral treatments, environmental modifications, melatonin, and psychopharmacologic treatments in decreasing the rates of sleep disturbance. However, none of these approaches have identified treatments that are effective for all ASD-affected children with sleep difficulties. Given the high prevalence of sleep disturbance in this population, there is a great need to identify additional treatments that may improve sleep in children with ASD. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of the Sound To Sleep System™ using a single blind (actigraphy scoring blinded), cross-over design. The Sound To Sleep System™ is a mattress foundation designed to improve sleep quality in individuals with ASD and sleep disturbance by providing mattress vibrations that accompany and sync with auditory stimulation. For the present study, the primary objectives are as follows: Study Aim 1- To determine whether the use of the Sound To Sleep System™ in ASD-affected children with sleep disturbances is well tolerated as defined by group drop-out proportion due to issues with the mattress technology. The study will also explore the following objectives: Study Aim 2- To determine the efficacy of the Sound To Sleep System™ in improving parent-reported sleep quality in ASD-affected children with sleep disturbances. Study Aim 3- To determine the tolerability of the Sound To Sleep System™ as defined by study drop-out due to any reason and caregiver ratings of ease of mattress technology use. Study Aim 4- To determine whether use of the mattress technology improves functioning as defined by secondary outcome measures.
Interventions
DEVICESound to Sleep System
Sound to Sleep System is a minimal risk device that is embedded in a mattress boxspring. The device syncs with an audio input and emits tactile vibrations in sync with the audio input.
Sponsors
Kugona LLC
The Cleveland Clinic
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
30 Months to 13 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* ASD Diagnosis * 2.5-12.99 Years of Age * Sleep Difficulty as indicated by significant sleep disturbance on the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire * If participant is using medication or attends therapy, it must be stable four (4) weeks prior to their study participation and throughout the 5-6 week study period.
Exclusion criteria
* Age less than 2.5 years or more than 12.99 years * Individuals who may have medication or therapy changes 4 weeks prior to study start date or during the study period * An participant diagnosed with epilepsy, Fragile X, Downs Syndrome, seizure disorder, Neurofibromatosis, or Tuberous Sclerosis * Any child with a pacemaker or other electrical device
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Compare Percentage of Participants Who Drop Out of Study as a Measure of Toleration of Mattress Technology | up to 6 weeks | Compare percentage of drop-out, in this cohort, due to issues with the mattress technology (e.g. ease of use, inability to fall asleep) to a population expected drop-out rate of 30% using a one-sample proportion test. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Total Time Asleep Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the average total sleep time (hours) in the on and off conditions as recorded by actigraphy watch |
| Total Time to Fall Asleep (Sleep Latency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks | Within subjects comparison of sleep latency (minutes) recorded by actigraphy watch in the on and off conditions |
| Total Time Awake During Night Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks | Within subjects comparison of total time awake during night (minutes) recorded by actigraphy watch in both on and off conditions |
| Percentage of Time in Bed That the Participant Spent Sleeping (Sleep Efficiency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch. | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks | Within subjects comparison of time spent sleeping (sleep efficiency as percentage) recorded by actigraphy in both the one and off conditions. |
| Caregiver-Rated Severity of Social Deficits as Measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale 2 (SRS-2) | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of average Social Responsiveness Scale -2 (SRS-2) T-scores in baseline, and on and off conditions. SRS-2 T-score ranges from 30-90 (M = 50, SD = 10). Higher T-scores indicate a greater extent of social communication deficits. |
| Caregiver-Rated Severity Problem Behaviors as Measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the parent completed Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) total raw score in the baseline, and on and off conditions. The ABC measures the level of challenging behavior of individuals in and across 5 subdomains (Irritability, lethargy, stereotypy, hyperactivity, inappropriate speech) using a Likert-type scale of 0-3 in which 0 is not at all a problem and 3 is the problem is severe in degree. The sum raw scores of these subdomains make up the total ABC raw score (range = 0-174) in which a higher score indicates more severe challenging behaviors. |
| Caregiver-Rated Communication Problems as Measured by the CCC-2 | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the average Children's Communication Checklist (CCC-2) General Communication Composite standard scores across baseline, and on and off conditions. CCC-2 is a parent questionnaire that assesses children's communication skills across 10 domains using a 4-point Likert type scale (0=less than once a week/never to 3=several times a day/always). The general communication composite standard score based on age norms was used to asses overall communication competency (M=100, SD=15). Lower general communication composite scores indicate a higher likelihood of significant communication problems. |
| Caregiver-Rated Problems With Sleep Habits as Measured by the FISH | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the Family Inventory of Sleep Hygiene (FISH) average total raw scores across baseline, and on and off conditions. The FISH is a parent-completed questionnaire that assesses sleep hygiene-related behaviors in children using a 5-point Likert scale (1=Never, 2=occasionally, 3=Sometimes, 4=Usually, 5=Always). Typically parents rate these behaviors with reference to the past month, but for the present study they were asked to rate for only the previous two weeks to correspond to each mattress condition. The total raw score was used to asses sleep hygiene (Range = 12-60, in which higher scores are indicative of better sleep hygiene-related behaviors). |
| Parent Reported Quality of Sleep Across Treatment Conditions | Average daily score, across up to 2 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the average daily, parent reported sleep quality across on and off conditions using a Likert-type scale of 1-7 in which 1 is extremely poor and 7 is exceptional |
| Caregiver-Rated Sensory Issues Across Domains as Measured by the SSPQ | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the Short Sensory Profile Questionnaire (SSPQ) average total raw scores across baseline and on and off conditions. The SSPQ is a parent-completed questionnaire that measures behaviors related to sensory processing abnormalities. Items are based on a 5-point Liker scale ranging from 1=always to 5=never. The total raw score was used to evaluate overall sensory abnormalities (Range=38-190). Lower scores indicate a higher probability of sensory processing abnormalities. |
| Caregiver-Rated of Quality of Life as Measured by the CFQL-2 Questionnaire | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the Child and Family Quality of Life 2 (CFQL-2), quality of life average total raw scores across baseline and on and off conditions. The CFQL-2 is a parent questionnaire that evaluation seven different aspects of child and family quality of life (child, family, caregiver, financial, partner relationship, external support, and coping quality of life). An adapted version was used that decreased the number of total items from 32 to 26 and added an additional item to each scale to specifically evaluate changes of the past two weeks in quality of life. Items use a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1=strongly disagree/decreased substantially to 3=neutral/same to 5=strongly agree/improved substantially). The total raw score was used to evaluate overall quality of life for child and family (Range=26-130). A lower, overall score indicates a lower quality of life for the child and their family. |
| Caregiver-Rated Measure of Challenging Behavior/Task Compliance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks | Within subjects comparison of average challenging behavior/task compliance, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Difficult and 7 is Exceptional in the mattress technology on and off conditions |
| Caregiver-Rated Measure of Tolerance of Mattress Technology as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks | Comparison of average tolerance of mattress technology, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Poor and 7 is Exceptional, in the on condition compared to the median score of 4 (average toleration of mattress technology). |
| Caregiver-Rated Measure of Tolerance of the Actigraph Watch as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | Average of daily measure, across up to 4 Weeks | Comparison of average tolerance of the actigraph watch, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Poor and 7 is Exceptional, across treatment conditions compared to median score of 4 (average toleration of actigraph watch). |
| Caregiver-Rated Measure of Ease of Mattress Technology Use as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | Average of daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks | Comparison of ease of mattress technology use, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Difficult and 7 is Exceptionally Easy in mattress technology on condition to median score of 4 (average ease of use of mattress technology). |
| Caregiver-Rated Measure of Sleep Resistance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | Average daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks | Within subjects comparison of average difficulty for child to go to bed, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Difficult and 7 is Exceptionally Easy, in the mattress technology on and off conditions. |
| Caregiver-Rated Sleep Disturbance as Measured by the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) | Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks | Within subjects comparison of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire CSHQ average total raw scores across baseline and on and off conditions. The CSHQ is a parent-completed questionnaire that measures a variety of sleep-related problems using a 3-point Likert-scale (1=rarely/0 to 1 times per week, 2= sometimes/2-4 times per week, 3=usually/5-7 times per week). Ordinarily, parents rate these behaviors for the pas week but for the present study they were instructed to rate for the past two weeks to correspond to the mattress on and off conditions. The total raw scores were use to evaluate overall sleep difficulties (Range = 45-135, in which a higher score is indicative of more sleep problems). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Enrolled participants take part in a one-week lead in period during which time all participants sleep with the box spring foundation of the new mattress technology, but with the mattress technology turned off, and wear an actigraphy watch. Participants who are unable to tolerate the actigraphy watch or the box spring foundation are excluded.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Intervention: The first two weeks of the study the mattress technology will be turned on allowing the participant sleeping atop the mattress to feel the vibrations synced to the audio input. The second two weeks of the study, the mattress technology will be turned off, there will be no intervention.
Sound to Sleep System turned on: The first two weeks of the study the sound to sleep system will be turned on during this arm of the study. The second two weeks of the study, the sound to sleep system will be turned off, there will be no intervention. | 23 |
| Mattress Technology Turned Off Intervention: The first two weeks of the study there will be no intervention. The second two weeks of the study, the mattress technology will be turned on allowing the participant sleeping atop the mattress to feel the vibrations synced to the audio input.
Sound to Sleep System: The first two weeks of the study the sound to sleep system will be turned off, there will be no intervention. The second two weeks of the study the sound to sleep system will be turn on. | 22 |
| Total | 45 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lack of Efficacy | 1 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Mattress Technology On | Mattress Technology Turned Off | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 23 Participants | 22 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 6.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 | 6.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8 | 6.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 21 Participants | 21 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 23 Participants | 22 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 19 Participants | 17 Participants | 36 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 45 | 0 / 45 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 45 | 0 / 45 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 45 | 0 / 45 |
Outcome results
Primary
Compare Percentage of Participants Who Drop Out of Study as a Measure of Toleration of Mattress Technology
Compare percentage of drop-out, in this cohort, due to issues with the mattress technology (e.g. ease of use, inability to fall asleep) to a population expected drop-out rate of 30% using a one-sample proportion test.
Time frame: up to 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Compare Percentage of Participants Who Drop Out of Study as a Measure of Toleration of Mattress Technology | 1 Participants |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Compare Percentage of Participants Who Drop Out of Study as a Measure of Toleration of Mattress Technology | 1 Participants |
p-value: <0.001t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Communication Problems as Measured by the CCC-2
Within subjects comparison of the average Children's Communication Checklist (CCC-2) General Communication Composite standard scores across baseline, and on and off conditions. CCC-2 is a parent questionnaire that assesses children's communication skills across 10 domains using a 4-point Likert type scale (0=less than once a week/never to 3=several times a day/always). The general communication composite standard score based on age norms was used to asses overall communication competency (M=100, SD=15). Lower general communication composite scores indicate a higher likelihood of significant communication problems.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Communication Problems as Measured by the CCC-2 | 48.31 Standard Score | Standard Error 2.59 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Communication Problems as Measured by the CCC-2 | 52.31 Standard Score | Standard Error 2.79 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated Communication Problems as Measured by the CCC-2 | 50.79 Standard Score | Standard Error 2.74 |
p-value: 0.285Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Measure of Challenging Behavior/Task Compliance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary
Within subjects comparison of average challenging behavior/task compliance, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Difficult and 7 is Exceptional in the mattress technology on and off conditions
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Challenging Behavior/Task Compliance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 4.73 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.12 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Challenging Behavior/Task Compliance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 4.35 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.12 |
p-value: 0.001Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Measure of Ease of Mattress Technology Use as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary
Comparison of ease of mattress technology use, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Difficult and 7 is Exceptionally Easy in mattress technology on condition to median score of 4 (average ease of use of mattress technology).
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Ease of Mattress Technology Use as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 6.04 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.15 |
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Measure of Sleep Resistance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary
Within subjects comparison of average difficulty for child to go to bed, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Difficult and 7 is Exceptionally Easy, in the mattress technology on and off conditions.
Time frame: Average daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Sleep Resistance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 4.28 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.14 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Sleep Resistance as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 4.79 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.14 |
p-value: 0.001Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Measure of Tolerance of Mattress Technology as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary
Comparison of average tolerance of mattress technology, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Poor and 7 is Exceptional, in the on condition compared to the median score of 4 (average toleration of mattress technology).
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Tolerance of Mattress Technology as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 5.61 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.25 |
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Measure of Tolerance of the Actigraph Watch as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary
Comparison of average tolerance of the actigraph watch, measured on a scale of 1-7 in which 1 is Extremely Poor and 7 is Exceptional, across treatment conditions compared to median score of 4 (average toleration of actigraph watch).
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 4 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Measure of Tolerance of the Actigraph Watch as Measured by the Daily Sleep Diary | 5.51 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.13 |
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated of Quality of Life as Measured by the CFQL-2 Questionnaire
Within subjects comparison of the Child and Family Quality of Life 2 (CFQL-2), quality of life average total raw scores across baseline and on and off conditions. The CFQL-2 is a parent questionnaire that evaluation seven different aspects of child and family quality of life (child, family, caregiver, financial, partner relationship, external support, and coping quality of life). An adapted version was used that decreased the number of total items from 32 to 26 and added an additional item to each scale to specifically evaluate changes of the past two weeks in quality of life. Items use a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1=strongly disagree/decreased substantially to 3=neutral/same to 5=strongly agree/improved substantially). The total raw score was used to evaluate overall quality of life for child and family (Range=26-130). A lower, overall score indicates a lower quality of life for the child and their family.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated of Quality of Life as Measured by the CFQL-2 Questionnaire | 79.95 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.77 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated of Quality of Life as Measured by the CFQL-2 Questionnaire | 84.54 units on a scale | Standard Error 2.19 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated of Quality of Life as Measured by the CFQL-2 Questionnaire | 79.87 units on a scale | Standard Error 2.14 |
p-value: 0.015Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Problems With Sleep Habits as Measured by the FISH
Within subjects comparison of the Family Inventory of Sleep Hygiene (FISH) average total raw scores across baseline, and on and off conditions. The FISH is a parent-completed questionnaire that assesses sleep hygiene-related behaviors in children using a 5-point Likert scale (1=Never, 2=occasionally, 3=Sometimes, 4=Usually, 5=Always). Typically parents rate these behaviors with reference to the past month, but for the present study they were asked to rate for only the previous two weeks to correspond to each mattress condition. The total raw score was used to asses sleep hygiene (Range = 12-60, in which higher scores are indicative of better sleep hygiene-related behaviors).
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Problems With Sleep Habits as Measured by the FISH | 46.82 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Problems With Sleep Habits as Measured by the FISH | 48.79 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.89 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated Problems With Sleep Habits as Measured by the FISH | 47.15 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.88 |
p-value: 0.089Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Sensory Issues Across Domains as Measured by the SSPQ
Within subjects comparison of the Short Sensory Profile Questionnaire (SSPQ) average total raw scores across baseline and on and off conditions. The SSPQ is a parent-completed questionnaire that measures behaviors related to sensory processing abnormalities. Items are based on a 5-point Liker scale ranging from 1=always to 5=never. The total raw score was used to evaluate overall sensory abnormalities (Range=38-190). Lower scores indicate a higher probability of sensory processing abnormalities.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Sensory Issues Across Domains as Measured by the SSPQ | 124.58 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.14 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Sensory Issues Across Domains as Measured by the SSPQ | 129.43 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.02 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated Sensory Issues Across Domains as Measured by the SSPQ | 125.49 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.98 |
p-value: 0.471Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Severity of Social Deficits as Measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale 2 (SRS-2)
Within subjects comparison of average Social Responsiveness Scale -2 (SRS-2) T-scores in baseline, and on and off conditions. SRS-2 T-score ranges from 30-90 (M = 50, SD = 10). Higher T-scores indicate a greater extent of social communication deficits.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Severity of Social Deficits as Measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale 2 (SRS-2) | 76.40 T-score | Standard Error 1.61 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Severity of Social Deficits as Measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale 2 (SRS-2) | 73.68 T-score | Standard Error 1.72 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated Severity of Social Deficits as Measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale 2 (SRS-2) | 74.77 T-score | Standard Error 1.71 |
p-value: 0.232Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Severity Problem Behaviors as Measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC)
Within subjects comparison of the parent completed Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) total raw score in the baseline, and on and off conditions. The ABC measures the level of challenging behavior of individuals in and across 5 subdomains (Irritability, lethargy, stereotypy, hyperactivity, inappropriate speech) using a Likert-type scale of 0-3 in which 0 is not at all a problem and 3 is the problem is severe in degree. The sum raw scores of these subdomains make up the total ABC raw score (range = 0-174) in which a higher score indicates more severe challenging behaviors.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Severity Problem Behaviors as Measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) | 56.9 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.25 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Severity Problem Behaviors as Measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) | 48.61 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.96 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated Severity Problem Behaviors as Measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) | 55.37 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.91 |
p-value: 0.1Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Caregiver-Rated Sleep Disturbance as Measured by the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ)
Within subjects comparison of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire CSHQ average total raw scores across baseline and on and off conditions. The CSHQ is a parent-completed questionnaire that measures a variety of sleep-related problems using a 3-point Likert-scale (1=rarely/0 to 1 times per week, 2= sometimes/2-4 times per week, 3=usually/5-7 times per week). Ordinarily, parents rate these behaviors for the pas week but for the present study they were instructed to rate for the past two weeks to correspond to the mattress on and off conditions. The total raw scores were use to evaluate overall sleep difficulties (Range = 45-135, in which a higher score is indicative of more sleep problems).
Time frame: Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Caregiver-Rated Sleep Disturbance as Measured by the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) | 56.53 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.11 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Caregiver-Rated Sleep Disturbance as Measured by the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) | 49.13 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.37 |
| Mattress Technology Off | Caregiver-Rated Sleep Disturbance as Measured by the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) | 52.66 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.35 |
p-value: 0.04Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Parent Reported Quality of Sleep Across Treatment Conditions
Within subjects comparison of the average daily, parent reported sleep quality across on and off conditions using a Likert-type scale of 1-7 in which 1 is extremely poor and 7 is exceptional
Time frame: Average daily score, across up to 2 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Parent Reported Quality of Sleep Across Treatment Conditions | 4.9 units on a scale |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Parent Reported Quality of Sleep Across Treatment Conditions | 4.3 units on a scale |
p-value: 0.001Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Percentage of Time in Bed That the Participant Spent Sleeping (Sleep Efficiency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch.
Within subjects comparison of time spent sleeping (sleep efficiency as percentage) recorded by actigraphy in both the one and off conditions.
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Percentage of Time in Bed That the Participant Spent Sleeping (Sleep Efficiency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch. | 78.27 percentage of time | Standard Error 1.48 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Percentage of Time in Bed That the Participant Spent Sleeping (Sleep Efficiency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch. | 75.45 percentage of time | Standard Error 1.38 |
p-value: 0.001Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Total Time Asleep Recorded by Actigraphy Watch
Within subjects comparison of the average total sleep time (hours) in the on and off conditions as recorded by actigraphy watch
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Total Time Asleep Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | 8.35 Hours | Standard Error 0.22 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Total Time Asleep Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | 7.99 Hours | Standard Error 0.22 |
p-value: 0.001Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Total Time Awake During Night Recorded by Actigraphy Watch
Within subjects comparison of total time awake during night (minutes) recorded by actigraphy watch in both on and off conditions
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Total Time Awake During Night Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | 17.85 Minutes | Standard Error 0.92 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Total Time Awake During Night Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | 18.79 Minutes | Standard Error 0.93 |
p-value: 0.058Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Total Time to Fall Asleep (Sleep Latency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch
Within subjects comparison of sleep latency (minutes) recorded by actigraphy watch in the on and off conditions
Time frame: Average of daily measure, across up to 2 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mattress Technology On Then Off | Total Time to Fall Asleep (Sleep Latency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | 14.11 Minutes | Standard Error 5.75 |
| Mattress Technology Off Then On | Total Time to Fall Asleep (Sleep Latency) Recorded by Actigraphy Watch | 18.20 Minutes | Standard Error 6 |
p-value: 0.268Mixed Models Analysis