A Novel Strategy to Decrease Fall Incidence Post-Stroke

Stroke

Rehabilitation, Gait, Postural Balance, Exercise, Accidental Falls, Kinesiology, Applied

Approximately 15,000 Veterans are hospitalized for stroke each year with new cases costing an estimated $111 million for acute inpatient, $75 million for post-acute inpatient, and $88 million for follow-up care over 6 months post-stroke. Contributing to these costs is the incidence of falls. Falls are a costly complication for Veterans with stroke as they lead to an increased incidence of fractures, depression, and mortality. New strategies are needed to help Veterans post-stroke regain their ability to safely walk without increasing their risk of falling as well as readily identify those who are a fall risk. This study addresses both of these needs as it will 1) investigate a new treatment approach, backward walking training, to determine if it will decrease fall incidence in the first year post-stroke and 2) determine if backward walking speed early after a stroke can identify those that are at risk for future falls.

Approximately 15,000 Veterans are hospitalized for stroke each year. Persistent walking and balance deficits contribute to long-term disability and a high incidence of falls. Falls are a common and costly complication of stroke; between 40% and 70% of affected individuals fall within the first year. Falls lead to fear of falling, limitations in self-care and increased dependence. Of greater concern, they lead to serious adverse events, including fractures, depression and mortality. A primary goal of stroke rehabilitation is to improve mobility despite persistent motor, balance and visual-spatial deficits. However, this goal has a down side since it increases fall risks. Here, the investigators propose a novel therapeutic strategy to improve ambulation while decreasing the risk of falls: Backward Walking Training (BWTraining). The investigators' central hypothesis is that a 6-week BWTraining program at 2-months post-stroke is superior to standard care in reducing falls within the 1st year post-stroke. Identification of those at risk for falling is a necessary component of post-stroke rehabilitation to implement pro-active measures to decrease risk once individuals rejoin community living. Recent research in a cohort of elderly adults determined that maximal Backward Walking Speed (BWSpeed) (not forward) identified individuals that had experienced a fall in the previous six months,6 suggesting that BWSpeed could be a simple, inexpensive screening tool to identify individuals at risk of falling. With a randomized, blinded design, the investigators propose to prospectively assess the value of BWSpeed as a tool to predict future falls. A notable post-stroke conundrum is that increased mobility may increase fall risk.5 On the other hand, limiting mobility leads to a multitude of inactivity-associated deficits, including recurrent stroke. To date, no intervention has demonstrated efficacy for improving walking while minimizing fall risk. BWTraining may be a simple and effective intervention to achieve both goals. In the investigators' recent randomized controlled pilot trial (RCT), individuals with sub-acute stroke who participated in a BWTraining demonstrated 3-fold improvement in backward and forward walking speed and fall self-efficacy. Further, BWTraining caused 75% greater improvement in balance versus those in a dose-matched balance training group. At the 3-month follow-up assessment, BWSpeed of the BWTraining group averaged 0.63 m/s, exceeding the threshold for fall risk in elderly adults. Given the success of the investigators' pilot intervention, a larger and more rigorous trial is needed to demonstrate reduced fall incidence over an extended follow-up period. The investigators designed this RCT to address three specific aims: Aim #1: Test the hypothesis that 1-year fall incidence is decreased for participants randomized to BWTraining administered at 2-months post-stroke (versus usual care comparison group). Hypothesis #1a: BWTraining at 2-months post-stroke reduces the number of falls over the next year. Hypothesis #1b: BWTraining at 2-months post-stroke increases gait speed, improves balance and increases balance confidence over the next year. Aim #2: Test the hypothesis that BWTraining at 2 months (immediate) vs. 1-year (delayed) post-stroke is more effective at improving BWSpeed. Hypothesis #2a: BWSpeed improvement from 2- to 14-months post-stroke is greater when BWTraining is delivered at 2 months versus 1 year post-stroke. Hypothesis #2b: Improvements in forward gait speed, Functional Gait Assessment and Activities-Balance Confidence Scale from 2- to 14-months post-stroke are greater when BWTraining is delivered at 2 months versus 1 year post-stroke. Aim #3: This exploratory aim will test the hypothesis that BWSpeed at 2-months post-stroke is a significant predictor of fall incidence over the next year 1 year period, after adjusting for other covariates. Hypothesis #3: BWSpeed at 2-months will be a significant predictor of fall incidence during the first year post-stroke, after adjusting for other covariates. This study is significant since it concerns a novel strategy to improve ambulation while minimizing the risk of falling after a stroke. BWTraining is highly novel, is easy to administer and exciting preliminary data suggest that is has major potential as a therapeutic tool. In addition, the investigators will determine the potential of BWSpeed (a simple, clinically relevant screening tool) to identify those at risk for future falls.

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