Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-remitting
Conditions
Keywords
diet (gluten-free), diet therapy, quality of life
Brief summary
This is a research study. The investigators are inviting participants to participate in this research study between the ages of 18-45, who have stable Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), are able to walk 25 ft with/without an assistive device, and have none of the following: liver disease, kidney disease, diabetes, active heart disease, heart block or arrhythmias, bleeding disorders, concurrent diuretic use, anti-coagulation or anti-platelet use, psychosis or other psychiatric disorder likely to impact ability to comply with study procedures, any change in prescription medication for a mental health problem such as depression or anxiety in the last three months. The purpose of this research study is to determine whether or not a modified Paleolithic diet results in any change in health in persons with RRMS compared to usual care. The investigators define usual care as the typical or usual physician recommendations for the treatment of RRMS. The Paleolithic diet (or Paleo diet), also referred to as the caveman diet, Stone Age diet, and hunter-gatherer diet, is a modern nutritional plan based on the presumed ancient diet of wild plants and animals of ancestral humans during the Paleolithic era (a period of about 2.5 million years duration that ended around 10,000 years ago with the development of agriculture). The diet consists mainly of fish, grass-fed pasture raised meats, vegetables, fruit, fungi, roots, and nuts, and excludes grains, legumes, dairy products, salt, refined sugar, and processed oils. To the investigators' knowledge, most neurologists prescribe medications that may reduce or prevent future disability, but few prescribe dietary modifications unless needed for other concomitant disease.
Detailed description
Initial visit/baseline measures for intervention and control groups (1-2 hrs): Subject Info and Demographics, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Blood draw (vitamin B-1 (thiamine), vitamin B-9 (folate), vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), vitamin K, homocysteine, C-reactive protein), MS Functional Composite (MSFC) \[Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW), 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)\], 6-minute walk, and Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT). Complete at home/office/other: Automated Self-Administered 24-hour recall application (ASA24). Two-week run-in for intervention and control groups: Return survey instruments: \[Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54), Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ), Medication, Vitamin, and Supplement Log, and Food Diary\]. Randomization; training for intervention and control groups (1-2 hrs). Training for the intervention group will involve orientation of subjects to the modified paleo diet and food logging; control group training will consist of study expectations (maintenance of normal diet) and food logging. Both will be conducted by a research team member, with subjects, on an individual basis. Begin 3-month study: 1 short follow-up call per week, for first three weeks, then every other week thereafter asking intervention and control group subjects if they need assistance with study procedures and providing assistance when needed/possible and ensuring subjects are accurately maintaining daily food log/diary (5 mins; could be longer/shorter depending on subject needs). If a subject (intervention or control arm) is having difficulty filling out the Food Log/Food Diary, he/she will have the opportunity to meet with research team members at a location of the subject's choosing (to include web-conferencing) for supplemental instruction. At 1 month and few days before returning for the final visit, complete at home/office/other: Automated Self-Administered 24-hour recall application (ASA24). Final visit\* for intervention and control groups (1-2 hrs): Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ), Medication, Vitamin, and Supplement Log, Food Log, Blood draw (vitamin B-1 (thiamine), vitamin B-9 (folate), vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), vitamin K, homocysteine, C-reactive protein), MS Functional Composite (MSFC) \[Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW), 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)\], 6-minute walk, and Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT). \*End of participation for intervention group or cross-over (from control to 3-month intervention) for interested control group subjects. If regular in-person meetings are not possible (for two-week recall and/or supplemental instruction), a subject may choose to communicate with research staff via a web conferencing application (Google Hangout). The privacy policy may be found here: http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/ and will be provided to subjects upon request.
Interventions
OTHERModified Paleo diet
Nine cups of vegetables and some fruits, meat protein including organ meat, and complete abstinence from products containing gluten (wheat, barley, rye, etc.), dairy, potatoes, and legumes (beans, lentils, peanuts, soy, etc.)
Sponsors
Amanda Irish
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Verified diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with no change in medications in the prior three months. 2. Able to ambulate a minimum of 25 feet with/without use of an assistive device.
Exclusion criteria
1. Under the age of 18 or over the age of 45 at the beginning of the study. 2. Unstable MS, requiring a change in medication in the prior 3 months. 3. Unwillingness to contact, or allow research to contact, neurologist for verification of RRMS diagnosis. 4. Psychosis or other psychiatric disorder likely to impact ability to comply with study procedures. 5. Change in prescriptions medication in the prior three months for a mental health problem such as depression or anxiety. 6. Active malignancy undergoing treatment (not including non melanoma skin cancers). 7. Subjects with liver disease, kidney disease, diabetes, active heart disease, heart block or arrhythmias, bleeding disorders, concurrent diuretic use, anti-coagulation or anti-platelet use. 8. Abnormal bleeding disorder. 9. On any diet recommended to treat MS (ex: Best Bet, Swank, McDougall, MS Recovery diet, Wahls', other Paleolithic, gluten-free, vegetarian, and/or vegan 10. Inability to maintain food log for for seven consecutive days during the run-in phase of the study. 11. Not comfortable using a computer. 12. Other failure to demonstrate compliance.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 Score | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (a) daily life as measured by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score. A 9-item sel-report questionnaire related to how fatigue interferes with certain activities and rates its severity, items are scored on a 7 point scale with 1 = strongly disagree and 7= strongly agree. The minimum score is 9 and maximum score is 63. Higher the score indicates greater fatigue severity. |
| Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Score | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (b) cognitive fatigue as measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) score. The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. Single digits are presented every 3 seconds and the patient must add each new digit to the one immediately prior to it. The score for the PASAT (0-60) is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. |
| Change in 6-minute Walk (6-MW) Distance | End of Study, 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (c) physical fatigue as measured by the 6-minute (m) walk (6-MW). Timed 6-minute walk (6-MW): a submaximal measure of gait velocity and endurance over a distance (m) walked in 6 minutes. |
| Change in (25-FW) 25-ft Walk Time | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (d) physical fatigue as measured by the 25-ft walk (25-FW; (s). Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW): a quantitative test of maximal walking velocity, mobility, dynamic balance and leg function. The subject is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly and as safely, as possible. The time is recorded from the first step across the line and ends when the patient crosses the same foot over the 25-foot mark. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quality of Life (Homocysteine Blood Serum Measures) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by homocysteine (HCY) blood serum measures. |
| Quality of Life (C-reactive Protein Blood Serum Measures) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) blood serum measures. |
| Quality of Life (Vitamin B-9 Blood Serum Measures) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by vitamin B-9 (folate) blood serum measures. |
| Quality of Life (VSAQ) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by the Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ). Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ): a self-reported survey instrument that serves as a strong predictor of both measured and predicted exercise capacity. Subjects identify a series of activities that they can complete on a typical day (scaled 1-11 for estimated metabolic equivalents (METs)), higher METs indicate increased exercise capacity. |
| Quality of Life (9-HPT) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT). 9-Hole Peg Test: a brief, standardized, quantitative test of upper extremity function. The patient is seated at a table with a small, shallow container holding nine pegs and a wood or plastic block containing nine empty holes (Rolyan 9-Hole Peg Test Kit - Model A8515). On a start command a stopwatch is started, the patient picks up the nine pegs one at a time as quickly as possible, puts them in the nine holes, and, once they are in the holes, removes them again as quickly as possible one at a time, replacing them into the shallow container. The total time to complete the task is recorded. Two consecutive trials with the dominant hand are immediately followed by two consecutive trials with the non-dominant hand. The score for the 9-HPT is an average of the two trials for each hand. |
| Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by: Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) Mental and Physical Health scores. Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54): a multidimensional health-related quality of life survey that combines both generic and MS-specific items into a single instrument. Higher scores (0-100) indicate improved health. |
| Quality of Life (Vitamin B-1 Blood Serum Measures) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by vitamin B-1 (thiamine) blood serum measures. |
| Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline | Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by blood serum measures: vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) and vitamin K. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) Consumed a modified Paleo diet, described as nine cups of vegetables and some fruits, meat protein including organ meat, and complete abstinence from products containing gluten (wheat, barley, rye, etc.), dairy, potatoes, and legumes (beans, lentils, peanuts, soy, etc.)
Modified Paleo diet: Nine cups of vegetables and some fruits, meat protein including organ meat, and complete abstinence from products containing gluten (wheat, barley, rye, etc.), dairy, potatoes, and legumes (beans, lentils, peanuts, soy, etc.) | 8 |
| Usual Care Typical physician recommendations for MS. | 9 |
| Total | 17 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Protocol Violation | 2 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 6 | 6 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Total | Usual Care |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Minute Walk (6-MW) | 570.1 meters STANDARD_DEVIATION 56 | 551.5 meters STANDARD_DEVIATION 57.5 | 532.9 meters STANDARD_DEVIATION 56.1 |
| 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) (dominant) | 21.0 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 | 20.3 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 | 19.6 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 |
| 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) (nondominant) | 24.4 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 | 22.4 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4 | 20.4 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 |
| Age, Continuous | 35.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 | 36.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.7 | 37.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 |
| B-12 (cobalamin) | 663.1 pg/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 183.6 | 580.5 pg/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 183.5 | 498.0 pg/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 153 |
| B-1 (thiamine) | 150.8 nmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 28.7 | 140.1 nmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 33.3 | 129.5 nmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 36 |
| B-9 (folate) | 15.68 ng/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.01 | 16.06 ng/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.53 | 17.51 ng/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 |
| Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 | 4.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 4.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 | 4.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 |
| HCY | 9.4 μmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 | 9.3 μmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 9.3 μmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 |
| Hs-CRP | 4.4 mg/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 | 2.9 mg/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.4 | 1.4 mg/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 |
| K (pg/mL) | 1643.4 pg/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 863.3 | 1700.8 pg/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 859.2 | 1758.3 pg/mL STANDARD_DEVIATION 910.6 |
| Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) (mental) | 74.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.8 | 70 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 | 65.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.5 |
| Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) (physical) | 67.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.2 | 67.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.1 | 68.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 |
| Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) | 44.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 | 49 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.3 | 53.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Timed 25-Foot Walk (25-FW) | 4.7 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 | 4.7 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.6 | 4.7 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.5 |
| Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) | 6.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 | 6.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 | 5.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 9 | 0 / 8 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 9 | 0 / 8 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 9 | 0 / 8 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in (25-FW) 25-ft Walk Time
Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (d) physical fatigue as measured by the 25-ft walk (25-FW; (s). Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW): a quantitative test of maximal walking velocity, mobility, dynamic balance and leg function. The subject is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly and as safely, as possible. The time is recorded from the first step across the line and ends when the patient crosses the same foot over the 25-foot mark. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in (25-FW) 25-ft Walk Time | Baseline | 4.67 Seconds | Standard Error 0.27 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in (25-FW) 25-ft Walk Time | End of study | 4.13 Seconds | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Usual Care | Change in (25-FW) 25-ft Walk Time | End of study | 4.51 Seconds | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Usual Care | Change in (25-FW) 25-ft Walk Time | Baseline | 4.65 Seconds | Standard Error 0.18 |
Primary
Change in 6-minute Walk (6-MW) Distance
Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (c) physical fatigue as measured by the 6-minute (m) walk (6-MW). Timed 6-minute walk (6-MW): a submaximal measure of gait velocity and endurance over a distance (m) walked in 6 minutes.
Time frame: End of Study, 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in 6-minute Walk (6-MW) Distance | Baseline | 570.11 meters | Standard Error 21.15 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in 6-minute Walk (6-MW) Distance | End of Study | 631.14 meters | Standard Error 12.3 |
| Usual Care | Change in 6-minute Walk (6-MW) Distance | Baseline | 532.95 meters | Standard Error 19.85 |
| Usual Care | Change in 6-minute Walk (6-MW) Distance | End of Study | 562.47 meters | Standard Error 29.53 |
Primary
Change in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 Score
Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (a) daily life as measured by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score. A 9-item sel-report questionnaire related to how fatigue interferes with certain activities and rates its severity, items are scored on a 7 point scale with 1 = strongly disagree and 7= strongly agree. The minimum score is 9 and maximum score is 63. Higher the score indicates greater fatigue severity.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 Score | Baseline | 4.20 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 Score | End of study | 2.82 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.51 |
| Usual Care | Change in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 Score | Baseline | 3.99 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.43 |
| Usual Care | Change in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)-9 Score | End of study | 4.25 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.43 |
Primary
Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Score
Specific Aims: 1) Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet reduces effects of fatigue in subjects with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), compared to controls, in: (b) cognitive fatigue as measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) score. The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. Single digits are presented every 3 seconds and the patient must add each new digit to the one immediately prior to it. The score for the PASAT (0-60) is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Score | Baseline | 44.88 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.71 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Score | End of Study | 49.75 units on a scale | Standard Error 2.66 |
| Usual Care | Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Score | Baseline | 53.22 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.78 |
| Usual Care | Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Score | End of Study | 54.89 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (9-HPT)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT). 9-Hole Peg Test: a brief, standardized, quantitative test of upper extremity function. The patient is seated at a table with a small, shallow container holding nine pegs and a wood or plastic block containing nine empty holes (Rolyan 9-Hole Peg Test Kit - Model A8515). On a start command a stopwatch is started, the patient picks up the nine pegs one at a time as quickly as possible, puts them in the nine holes, and, once they are in the holes, removes them again as quickly as possible one at a time, replacing them into the shallow container. The total time to complete the task is recorded. Two consecutive trials with the dominant hand are immediately followed by two consecutive trials with the non-dominant hand. The score for the 9-HPT is an average of the two trials for each hand.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Dominant Baseline | 20.98 seconds | Standard Error 1.49 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Non-dominant Baseline | 24.36 seconds | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Dominant End of Study | 17.81 seconds | Standard Error 0.88 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Non-dominant End of Study | 19.93 seconds | Standard Error 1.23 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Non-dominant End of Study | 18.89 seconds | Standard Error 0.86 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Dominant Baseline | 19.61 seconds | Standard Error 0.72 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Dominant End of Study | 19.02 seconds | Standard Error 0.58 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (9-HPT) | Non-dominant Baseline | 20.41 seconds | Standard Error 1.26 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (C-reactive Protein Blood Serum Measures)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) blood serum measures.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (C-reactive Protein Blood Serum Measures) | Hs-CRP (mg/L) Baseline | 4.35 mg/L | Standard Error 1.64 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (C-reactive Protein Blood Serum Measures) | Hs-CRP (mg/L) End of Study | 3.26 mg/L | Standard Error 1.75 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (C-reactive Protein Blood Serum Measures) | Hs-CRP (mg/L) Baseline | 1.40 mg/L | Standard Error 0.44 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (C-reactive Protein Blood Serum Measures) | Hs-CRP (mg/L) End of Study | 1.93 mg/L | Standard Error 0.52 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (Homocysteine Blood Serum Measures)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by homocysteine (HCY) blood serum measures.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Homocysteine Blood Serum Measures) | HCY (μmol/L) End of Study | 9.66 μmol/L | Standard Error 0.94 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Homocysteine Blood Serum Measures) | HCY (μmol/L) Baseline | 9.37 μmol/L | Standard Error 0.7 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Homocysteine Blood Serum Measures) | HCY (μmol/L) Baseline | 9.27 μmol/L | Standard Error 1.33 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Homocysteine Blood Serum Measures) | HCY (μmol/L) End of Study | 10.01 μmol/L | Standard Error 1.57 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (MSQOL-54)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by: Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) Mental and Physical Health scores. Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54): a multidimensional health-related quality of life survey that combines both generic and MS-specific items into a single instrument. Higher scores (0-100) indicate improved health.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Physical Baseline | 67.26 units on a scale | Standard Error 5.76 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Mental Baseline | 74.47 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.07 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Physical End of Study | 81.77 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.51 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Mental End of Study | 86.53 units on a scale | Standard Error 3.51 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Mental End of Study | 64.51 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.65 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Physical Baseline | 68.08 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.17 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Physical End of Study | 65.62 units on a scale | Standard Error 2.77 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) | Mental Baseline | 65.46 units on a scale | Standard Error 4.07 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (Vitamin B-1 Blood Serum Measures)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by vitamin B-1 (thiamine) blood serum measures.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-1 Blood Serum Measures) | B-1 (nmol/L) Baseline | 150.75 units listed | Standard Error 10.85 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-1 Blood Serum Measures) | B-1 (nmol/L) End of Study | 146.13 units listed | Standard Error 21.78 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-1 Blood Serum Measures) | B-1 (nmol/L) Baseline | 129.50 units listed | Standard Error 12.74 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-1 Blood Serum Measures) | B-1 (nmol/L) End of Study | 127.11 units listed | Standard Error 15.43 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (Vitamin B-9 Blood Serum Measures)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by vitamin B-9 (folate) blood serum measures.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
Population: One baseline sample from usual care was lost.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-9 Blood Serum Measures) | B-9 (ng/mL) End of Study | 15.61 ng/mL | Standard Error 1.99 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-9 Blood Serum Measures) | B-9 (ng/mL) Baseline | 15.68 ng/mL | Standard Error 2.01 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-9 Blood Serum Measures) | B-9 (ng/mL) Baseline | 17.51 ng/mL | Standard Error 1.12 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamin B-9 Blood Serum Measures) | B-9 (ng/mL) End of Study | 17.43 ng/mL | Standard Error 1.2 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by blood serum measures: vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) and vitamin K.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | B-12 (pg/mL) Baseline | 663.14 pg/mL | Standard Error 69.4 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | K (pg/mL) Baseline | 1643.38 pg/mL | Standard Error 326.28 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | B-12 (pg/mL) End of Study | 638.93 pg/mL | Standard Error 75.27 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | K (pg/mL) End of Study | 5949.63 pg/mL | Standard Error 2100.8 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | K (pg/mL) End of Study | 1694.78 pg/mL | Standard Error 518.94 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | B-12 (pg/mL) Baseline | 497.96 pg/mL | Standard Error 54.09 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | B-12 (pg/mL) End of Study | 500.21 pg/mL | Standard Error 47.67 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (Vitamins B-12 and K Blood Serum Measures) | K (pg/mL) Baseline | 1758.25 pg/mL | Standard Error 321.94 |
Secondary
Quality of Life (VSAQ)
Test the hypothesis that a modified Paleolithic diet improves general well-being/health and quality of life of RRMS patients, compared to controls, as measured by the Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ). Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ): a self-reported survey instrument that serves as a strong predictor of both measured and predicted exercise capacity. Subjects identify a series of activities that they can complete on a typical day (scaled 1-11 for estimated metabolic equivalents (METs)), higher METs indicate increased exercise capacity.
Time frame: End of Study, measured at 3.5 months; Change from Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (VSAQ) | Baseline | 6.13 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.91 |
| Modified Paleo Diet Intervention (MPDI) | Quality of Life (VSAQ) | End of Study | 7.75 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.98 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (VSAQ) | Baseline | 5.78 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.88 |
| Usual Care | Quality of Life (VSAQ) | End of Study | 5.78 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.84 |