Child Abuse, Parenting, Self-control
Conditions
Keywords
Child Abuse, Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Evidenced Based Intervention, Self-control
Brief summary
This is a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) designed to test the effects of PCIT on self-regulation and behavior in child maltreating (CM) parents and their elementary-school children. Two hundred-fifty (250) maltreating mothers and their children (age 5-8 years) will be drawn from Child Protective Services and randomized to the PCIT intervention or a control condition (services as usual). Key contextual risk factors will be assessed, including cumulative risk, parent mental health, and parent substance use. A multirater, multimethod approach to assessment will include measures of self-regulation, parenting skills and children's behavior outcomes. Families will be followed to 1 year for CM recidivism. Findings from this proposed study are expected to have significant implications for optimizing CM parenting interventions by (a) determining the sensitivity of CM parent and child neurobehavioral self-regulation systems to intervention, and (b) identifying individual differences in self-regulation that mediate and moderate response to intervention and long-term maintenance of gains.
Detailed description
Child maltreatment (CM) constitutes a serious public health problem in the United States and is known to compromise children's developing self-regulation skills and amplify risk for substance use and other regulatory disorders. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an intensive, 20-session parenting intervention, has been shown to improve the quality of CM parenting, improve positive parenting and child behavior, and produce declines in CM recidivism (Chaffin et al., 2004) though the mechanisms underlying its effects are little understood. This project addresses gaps in the CM intervention literature in that it (a) uses an experimental intervention design to test a theoretical model of change underlying PCIT's effects, (b) includes a battery of neurobehavioral measures of self-regulation, and (c) uses observational measures of parenting in an RCT of an evidence-based intervention for strengthening parent self-regulation, reducing CM, and supporting improvements in child regulation and behavior. Study aims are to: Aim 1: Test the main effects of PCIT on CM-specific outcomes, including reductions in harsh, aversive parenting and CM recidivism and promotion of children's behavioral adjustment. It is hypothesized that intervention families will show significantly greater behavior improvements (i.e., decreased negative parenting, increased positive parenting, and decreased child internalizing/externalizing problems) at posttest and lower CM recidivism at 6-month follow-up, compared to families receiving services as usual (SAU). Specific Aim 2: Determine the impact of PCIT on indices of CM parents' self-regulation. First, the investigators will test the hypothesis that PCIT exerts direct effects on improving CM parents' capacities for self-regulation in the context of parenting. Second, the investigators will investigate how measures of self-regulation in parents mediate PCIT intervention effects on reductions in CM and improvements in parenting. Third, the investigators will explore whether parents' preintervention self-regulation levels moderate intervention effects on outcomes. The moderating roles of CM subtype (i.e., physical abuse vs. neglect), severity, and other key sociocontextual factors on the outcomes of interest also will be considered. Specific Aim 3: Investigate the impact of PCIT on neurobehavioral indices of CM children's self-regulation. CM exerts detrimental effects on children's developing capacities to regulate attention, emotion, physiology, and behavior. Deficits in these domains confer heightened risk for psychopathology, early-onset conduct problems, and later substance abuse. The investigators hypothesize that PCIT, though directed primarily toward parenting, will effect improvements in neurobiological indicators of CM children's self-regulation at post-treatment, relative to the control group. Next, the investigators will test the extent to which child outcomes are mediated through intervention effects on parenting. It is hypothesized that child regulatory deficits and behavior problems will be attenuated by PCIT-based reductions in aversive parenting that result from the intervention.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALParent Child Interaction Therapy
PCIT is a 16-20 session live-coaching parenting intervention. PCIT for Child Welfare families is delivered in two sequential treatment phases following a motivational enhancement training: Phase 1, Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) to enhance positive parenting and interrupt harsh aversive parenting, and Phase 2, Parent-Directed Interaction (PDI) to coach effective parent commands and a consistent time-out protocol when child disobeys.
Sponsors
University of Oregon
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
3 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Resident of Lane County * Parent is 18 or older * Biological or custodial mother of a child between age 3 and 7 years at baseline * Resides in the same home setting with the child * Must be fluent in English * Mom and child must be physically able to complete the assessment * Family has an open case with Lane County Dept. Health Services.
Exclusion criteria
* Child sexual abuse in the family
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Pre- and Post-intervention (8 months) | Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS) coded positive PRIDE parenting skills and negative Don't skills parenting behaviors during the DPICS Child-Led Play task. Scores reflect behavioral counts during the 5-minute task, with higher scores reflecting more behaviors. Higher positive parenting scores reflect better outcomes, whereas higher negative parenting scores reflect worse outcomes. |
| DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Pre- and Post-intervention (8 months) | DPICS-Coded Positive PRIDE Parenting skills, Effective Parent Commands, and Child Compliance behaviors during the DPICS Clean Up Situation task. Positive parenting scores reflect the percentage of total coded behaviors during the task that are positive PRIDE skills. Effective (direct) parent commands reflect the percentage of all commands that were direct, compliable commands. Child compliance scores reflected the percentage of effective, direct commands that child complied with in the immediately following behavioral turn. High scores on all three scales reflect better outcomes. |
| Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | pre- and post-intervention (8 months) | The Stop Signal Response Time (SSRT) was used to assess the efficiency of parent inhibitory control process or time in milliseconds needed to engage an inhibitory response. Lower SSRT scores reflect faster reaction times and better inhibitory control. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Reduced Child Maltreatment (CM) Recidivism | up to 1 year posttreatment | Fewer new episodes of CM per Maltreatment Classification Coding of Child Welfare case records |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Child Physiological Regulation | pre- and post-intervention (8 months) | physiological regulation (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia or RSA scores, are a peripheral physiological marker of emotion regulation reflecting children's parasympathetic nervous system linked cardiac activity. RSA scores were obtained from children at rest and in response to emotionally salient interactions with their parent. Higher RSA scores reflect greater parasympathetic cardiac regulation (better outcome). |
| Decreased Child Symptoms | pre- and post-intervention (8 months) | Trauma Symptom Checklist scores (TSCL-YC); T-scores are reported, in which 50 indicates the population mean with a standard deviation of 10; higher scores indicate greater trauma symptoms. Clinically significant elevations on the TSCL-YC are reflected by scores at or above T=70 cutoff |
| BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | pre- and post-intervention (8 months) | Parents self-report on the BRIEF- A Emotional Control problem scale, with lower scores reflecting fewer emotion control problems (i.e., better emotion regulation). Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD = 10) are obtained. |
| BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | pre- and post-intervention (8 months) | Parents self-report on the BRIEF- A with lower scores reflecting fewer regulatory control problems. Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD = 10) are obtained. |
| Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | pre- and post-intervention (8 months) | The ECBI is comprised of parent-reported intensity of problem child behaviors (ECBI-Intensity score) and number of problem child behaviors (EBCI-Problem score). Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD=10) are reported, with lower scores reflecting more successful outcome. |
| BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | pre- and post-intervention | Children's BRIEF scores per parent-report on Inhibit, Shift, and Emotional Control problems scales, with lower scores reflecting fewer regulatory problems. Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD = 10) are obtained. |
| Parent Physiological Regulation | pre- and post-intervention | physiological regulation (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia or RSA scores, are a peripheral physiological marker of emotion regulation reflecting parents' parasympathetic nervous system linked cardiac activity. RSA scores were obtained from parents at rest and in response to emotionally salient interactions with their child. Higher RSA scores reflect greater parasympathetic cardiac regulation (better outcome). |
| Child Emotion Regulation | Post intervention (6 mo) | Emotional go/no-go task performance: False alarms to anger. Higher scores reflect greater rate of false alarms to anger (worse outcome). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Number Started represents the number of parent participants and the number of child participants. There were 204 parent participants and 204 child participants enrolled for a total of 408 participants (in 204 parent-child dyads).
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) Participants receive all the usual services provided by DHS- Children's Services. | 168 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) Participants randomized to receive Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). PCIT is designed to improve child functioning by interrupting patterns of harsh, coercive interaction and enhancing parents' warm, positive parenting, autonomy support, and competent child management skills.
Parent Child Interaction Therapy: PCIT is a 16-20 session live-coaching parenting intervention. PCIT for Child Welfare families is delivered in two sequential treatment phases following a motivational enhancement training: Phase 1, Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) to enhance positive parenting and interrupt harsh aversive parenting, and Phase 2, Parent-Directed Interaction (PDI) to coach effective parent commands and a consistent time-out protocol when child disobeys. | 240 |
| Total | 408 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | COVID-19 shutdown of lab | 4 | 6 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 31 | 41 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 32.12 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.82 | 32.41 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.7 | 32.29 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.34 |
| Marital status Married or living together | 20 Participants | 46 Participants | 66 Participants |
| Marital status Single | 64 Participants | 74 Participants | 138 Participants |
| Parent education High school education | 43 Participants | 58 Participants | 101 Participants |
| Parent education Less than high school education | 14 Participants | 20 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Parent education Post-high school education | 27 Participants | 42 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Participating child age (years) | 4.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 | 4.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 | 4.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 |
| Participating child sex Female children | 34 Participants | 58 Participants | 92 Participants |
| Participating child sex Male children | 50 Participants | 62 Participants | 112 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants African American/Black | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants Asian/Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants European American/White | 49 Participants | 68 Participants | 117 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants Hispanic American/Latinx | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants Multiracial/Multiethnic | 27 Participants | 46 Participants | 73 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants Native American/Alaskan Aleutian | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized CHILD participants Not reported | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants African American/Black | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants Asian/Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants European American/White | 62 Participants | 82 Participants | 144 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants Hispanic American/Latinx | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants Multiracial/Multiethnic | 15 Participants | 27 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants Native American/Alaskan Aleutian | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized PARENT participants Not reported | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 73 Participants | 107 Participants | 180 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 11 Participants | 13 Participants | 24 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 84 | 0 / 84 | 0 / 120 | 0 / 120 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 79 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 84 | 0 / 84 | 0 / 120 | 0 / 120 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 79 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 84 | 0 / 84 | 0 / 120 | 0 / 120 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 79 |
Outcome results
Primary
DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task
DPICS-Coded Positive PRIDE Parenting skills, Effective Parent Commands, and Child Compliance behaviors during the DPICS Clean Up Situation task. Positive parenting scores reflect the percentage of total coded behaviors during the task that are positive PRIDE skills. Effective (direct) parent commands reflect the percentage of all commands that were direct, compliable commands. Child compliance scores reflected the percentage of effective, direct commands that child complied with in the immediately following behavioral turn. High scores on all three scales reflect better outcomes.
Time frame: Pre- and Post-intervention (8 months)
Population: These participating child welfare-involved families were block-randomized to condition by child sex and age, with allocation ratio of PCIT to control group conditions at 1.5:1 to ensure that a sufficient number of families accessed the intervention.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Effective commands (pre-treatment) | 0.56 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (pre-treatment) | 0.65 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Child compliance with parent commands (pre-treatment) | 0.69 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Effective commands (post-treatment) | 0.63 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (post-treatment) | 0.69 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Child compliance with parent commands (post-treatment) | 0.78 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (post-treatment) | 0.70 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Child compliance with parent commands (pre-treatment) | 0.73 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (pre-treatment) | 0.62 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Effective commands (pre-treatment) | 0.54 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Effective commands (post-treatment) | 0.60 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Child compliance with parent commands (post-treatment) | 0.76 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Child compliance with parent commands (pre-treatment) | 0.71 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (post-treatment) | 0.71 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Effective commands (post-treatment) | 0.59 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Child compliance with parent commands (post-treatment) | 0.75 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (pre-treatment) | 0.63 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observational Coding During Clean Up Situation Task | Effective commands (pre-treatment) | 0.53 percentage of all parenting behaviors | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
Primary
DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play)
Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS) coded positive PRIDE parenting skills and negative Don't skills parenting behaviors during the DPICS Child-Led Play task. Scores reflect behavioral counts during the 5-minute task, with higher scores reflecting more behaviors. Higher positive parenting scores reflect better outcomes, whereas higher negative parenting scores reflect worse outcomes.
Time frame: Pre- and Post-intervention (8 months)
Population: These participating child welfare-involved families were block-randomized to condition by child sex and age, with allocation ratio of PCIT to control group conditions at 1.5:1 to ensure that a sufficient number of families accessed the intervention.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Negative Parenting Don't skills (pre-treatment) | 23.62 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 11.66 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Negative Parenting Don't skills (post-treatment) | 21.80 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 11.31 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (pre-treatment) | 2.32 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 2.32 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (post-treatment) | 2.11 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Negative Parenting Don't skills (pre-treatment) | 23.61 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 11.78 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (post-treatment) | 8.01 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 9.61 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Negative Parenting Don't skills (post-treatment) | 14.82 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 9.99 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (pre-treatment) | 2.63 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 2.92 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Negative Parenting Don't skills (post-treatment) | 13.30 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 9.42 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (pre-treatment) | 2.86 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Positive Parenting PRIDE skills (post-treatment) | 10.19 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 10.47 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | DPICS-IV Observed Parenting Skills (During Child-Led Play) | Negative Parenting Don't skills (pre-treatment) | 24.16 number of behaviors | Standard Deviation 11.92 |
Primary
Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control
The Stop Signal Response Time (SSRT) was used to assess the efficiency of parent inhibitory control process or time in milliseconds needed to engage an inhibitory response. Lower SSRT scores reflect faster reaction times and better inhibitory control.
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention (8 months)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | Stop signal response time (SSRT) (pre-treatment) | 252.84 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 68.07 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | Stop signal response time (SSRT) (post-treatment) | 255.16 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 57.94 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | Stop signal response time (SSRT) (pre-treatment) | 248.25 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 54.4 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | Stop signal response time (SSRT) (post-treatment) | 237.45 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 47.89 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | Stop signal response time (SSRT) (pre-treatment) | 251.44 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 58.18 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Stop Signal Task: Increased Parent Inhibitory Control | Stop signal response time (SSRT) (post-treatment) | 236.28 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 45.33 |
Secondary
Reduced Child Maltreatment (CM) Recidivism
Fewer new episodes of CM per Maltreatment Classification Coding of Child Welfare case records
Time frame: up to 1 year posttreatment
Population: These data are not available from DHS child welfare on the study participants and thus not available to our study team to report here. We have been told that this is due to the fact that the DHS agency internal record-keeping systems do not have data on the study families.
Other Pre-specified
BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation)
Parents self-report on the BRIEF- A Emotional Control problem scale, with lower scores reflecting fewer emotion control problems (i.e., better emotion regulation). Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD = 10) are obtained.
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention (8 months)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | Emotional Control problems (pre-treatment) | 52.57 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.18 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | Emotional Control problems (post-treatment) | 54.95 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.21 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | Emotional Control problems (post-treatment) | 52.72 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.03 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | Emotional Control problems (pre-treatment) | 53.95 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.87 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | Emotional Control problems (post-treatment) | 53.33 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.97 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Emotional Control Scale (Increased Parent Emotion Regulation) | Emotional Control problems (pre-treatment) | 55.06 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.38 |
Other Pre-specified
BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings
Parents self-report on the BRIEF- A with lower scores reflecting fewer regulatory control problems. Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD = 10) are obtained.
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention (8 months)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Emotional control problems (pretreatment) | 52.57 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.18 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Emotional control problems (posttreatment) | 54.95 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.21 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Inhibition problems (pre-treatment) | 55.15 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.27 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Inhibition problems (post-treatment) | 55.32 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.99 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Initiate problems (pre) | 52.50 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.87 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Initiate problems (post) | 53.83 T-scores | Standard Deviation 12.46 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Monitor problems (pretreatment) | 50.93 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Monitor problems (posttreatment) | 52.24 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.27 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Inhibition problems (pre-treatment) | 55.92 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.93 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Monitor problems (pretreatment) | 52.48 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.06 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Inhibition problems (post-treatment) | 54.41 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.81 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Initiate problems (pre) | 54.33 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.95 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Initiate problems (post) | 52.18 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.97 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Emotional control problems (pretreatment) | 53.95 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.87 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Emotional control problems (posttreatment) | 52.72 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.03 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Monitor problems (posttreatment) | 51.35 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.85 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Inhibition problems (pre-treatment) | 55.95 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.87 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Emotional control problems (posttreatment) | 53.33 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.97 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Emotional control problems (pretreatment) | 55.06 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.38 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Inhibition problems (post-treatment) | 54.33 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.74 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Monitor problems (pretreatment) | 53.19 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.57 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Initiate problems (post) | 52.93 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.85 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Initiate problems (pre) | 54.51 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.63 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF-A: Parent Self-ratings | Monitor problems (posttreatment) | 51.46 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.53 |
Other Pre-specified
BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes
Children's BRIEF scores per parent-report on Inhibit, Shift, and Emotional Control problems scales, with lower scores reflecting fewer regulatory problems. Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD = 10) are obtained.
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Emotional control problems (posttreatment) | 54.42 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Inhibition problems (pre-treatment) | 59.11 T-scores | Standard Deviation 12 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Emotional control problems (pretreatment) | 54.30 T-scores | Standard Deviation 12.58 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Inhibition problems (post-treatment) | 60.12 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.72 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Shift problems (pretreatment) | 54.86 T-scores | Standard Deviation 13.08 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Shift problems (posttreatment) | 55.46 T-scores | Standard Deviation 12.95 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Shift problems (pretreatment) | 57.10 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.55 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Shift problems (posttreatment) | 55.27 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.89 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Inhibition problems (post-treatment) | 57.98 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.88 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Emotional control problems (posttreatment) | 52.87 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.14 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Emotional control problems (pretreatment) | 54.79 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.76 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Inhibition problems (pre-treatment) | 58.36 T-scores | Standard Deviation 12.34 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Emotional control problems (pretreatment) | 56.09 T-scores | Standard Deviation 12.07 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Emotional control problems (posttreatment) | 53.03 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.49 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Inhibition problems (post-treatment) | 58.55 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.92 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Shift problems (pretreatment) | 58.63 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.07 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Shift problems (posttreatment) | 55.90 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.94 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | BRIEF (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function) Children's Outcomes | Inhibition problems (pre-treatment) | 59.84 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.76 |
Other Pre-specified
Child Emotion Regulation
Emotional go/no-go task performance: False alarms to anger. Higher scores reflect greater rate of false alarms to anger (worse outcome).
Time frame: Post intervention (6 mo)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Emotion Regulation | Child False Alarms to Anger (pretreatment) | 0.38 percentage of responses | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Emotion Regulation | Child False Alarms to Anger (posttreatment) | 0.38 percentage of responses | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Emotion Regulation | Child False Alarms to Anger (pretreatment) | 0.40 percentage of responses | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Emotion Regulation | Child False Alarms to Anger (posttreatment) | 0.34 percentage of responses | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Emotion Regulation | Child False Alarms to Anger (pretreatment) | 0.41 percentage of responses | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Emotion Regulation | Child False Alarms to Anger (posttreatment) | 0.35 percentage of responses | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
Other Pre-specified
Child Physiological Regulation
physiological regulation (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia or RSA scores, are a peripheral physiological marker of emotion regulation reflecting children's parasympathetic nervous system linked cardiac activity. RSA scores were obtained from children at rest and in response to emotionally salient interactions with their parent. Higher RSA scores reflect greater parasympathetic cardiac regulation (better outcome).
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention (8 months)
Population: CHILD RSA data reported here
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during child-led play task (pretreatment) | 5.40 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child resting RSA (postreatment) | 6.36 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.33 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child resting RSA (pretreatment) | 6.68 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during child-led play task (posttreatment) | 5.28 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during clean-up task (pretreatment) | 4.95 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during clean-up task (postreatment) | 4.73 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during Social Engagement task with parent (pretreatment) | 6.10 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during Social Engagement task with parent (postreatment) | 5.91 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during clean-up task (postreatment) | 4.79 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during child-led play task (pretreatment) | 5.38 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during clean-up task (pretreatment) | 4.92 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during Social Engagement task with parent (postreatment) | 6.05 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child resting RSA (pretreatment) | 6.41 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during Social Engagement task with parent (pretreatment) | 5.95 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child resting RSA (postreatment) | 6.47 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.31 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during child-led play task (posttreatment) | 5.33 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child resting RSA (postreatment) | 6.35 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during child-led play task (posttreatment) | 5.29 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during Social Engagement task with parent (pretreatment) | 5.98 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during clean-up task (pretreatment) | 4.98 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during Social Engagement task with parent (postreatment) | 5.96 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during clean-up task (postreatment) | 4.67 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child resting RSA (pretreatment) | 6.48 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.34 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Child Physiological Regulation | Child RSA during child-led play task (pretreatment) | 5.42 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
Other Pre-specified
Decreased Child Symptoms
Trauma Symptom Checklist scores (TSCL-YC); T-scores are reported, in which 50 indicates the population mean with a standard deviation of 10; higher scores indicate greater trauma symptoms. Clinically significant elevations on the TSCL-YC are reflected by scores at or above T=70 cutoff
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention (8 months)
Population: These are CHILD scores.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Arousal (pre-treatment) | 58.80 t-scores | Standard Deviation 13.74 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Arousal (post-treatment) | 58.35 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.17 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Avoidance (pre-treatment) | 57.08 t-scores | Standard Deviation 15.33 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Avoidance (post-treatment) | 56.96 t-scores | Standard Deviation 15.93 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Intrusion (pre-treatment) | 57.47 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.62 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Intrusion (post-treatment) | 53.95 t-scores | Standard Deviation 10.83 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | Anxiety (pre-treatment) | 55.33 t-scores | Standard Deviation 10.59 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Decreased Child Symptoms | Anxiety (post-treatment) | 54.23 t-scores | Standard Deviation 9.55 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Avoidance (pre-treatment) | 59.04 t-scores | Standard Deviation 18.55 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | Anxiety (pre-treatment) | 59.25 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Avoidance (post-treatment) | 55.97 t-scores | Standard Deviation 16.63 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Intrusion (pre-treatment) | 58.98 t-scores | Standard Deviation 16.98 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Intrusion (post-treatment) | 56.00 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.12 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Arousal (pre-treatment) | 59.70 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.34 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Arousal (post-treatment) | 57.05 t-scores | Standard Deviation 13.51 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Decreased Child Symptoms | Anxiety (post-treatment) | 57.92 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Avoidance (pre-treatment) | 60.94 t-scores | Standard Deviation 19.05 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Arousal (post-treatment) | 57.32 t-scores | Standard Deviation 13.83 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Arousal (pre-treatment) | 61.51 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.72 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Avoidance (post-treatment) | 57.84 t-scores | Standard Deviation 18.18 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | Anxiety (pre-treatment) | 60.96 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.1 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Intrusion (post-treatment) | 57.81 t-scores | Standard Deviation 15.75 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | PTS-Intrusion (pre-treatment) | 61.65 t-scores | Standard Deviation 17.52 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Decreased Child Symptoms | Anxiety (post-treatment) | 58.78 t-scores | Standard Deviation 14.53 |
Other Pre-specified
Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems)
The ECBI is comprised of parent-reported intensity of problem child behaviors (ECBI-Intensity score) and number of problem child behaviors (EBCI-Problem score). Standardized T-scores (M=50, SD=10) are reported, with lower scores reflecting more successful outcome.
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention (8 months)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Intensity child behavior problems (pre-treatment) | 58.61 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.79 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Intensity child behavior problems (post-treatment) | 57.01 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.31 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Number child behavior problems (pre-treatment) | 58.64 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.79 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Number child behavior problems (post-treatment) | 56.13 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.95 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Number child behavior problems (post-treatment) | 50.43 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.67 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Intensity child behavior problems (pre-treatment) | 56.33 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.38 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Number child behavior problems (pre-treatment) | 55.74 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.08 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Intensity child behavior problems (post-treatment) | 51.35 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.85 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Number child behavior problems (post-treatment) | 50.46 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.93 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Intensity child behavior problems (post-treatment) | 50.39 T-scores | Standard Deviation 9.94 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Number child behavior problems (pre-treatment) | 57.00 T-scores | Standard Deviation 11.46 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) Child Behavior Problem Scores (Decreased Disruptive Behavior Problems) | ECBI-Intensity child behavior problems (pre-treatment) | 57.56 T-scores | Standard Deviation 10.65 |
Other Pre-specified
Parent Physiological Regulation
physiological regulation (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia or RSA scores, are a peripheral physiological marker of emotion regulation reflecting parents' parasympathetic nervous system linked cardiac activity. RSA scores were obtained from parents at rest and in response to emotionally salient interactions with their child. Higher RSA scores reflect greater parasympathetic cardiac regulation (better outcome).
Time frame: pre- and post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Child-Led Play Task (pretreatment) | 5.99 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent Resting RSA (at pretreatment) | 6.30 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Clean Up Task (posttreatment) | 5.81 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Clean Up Task (pretreatment) | 6.05 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during Social Engagement task (posttreatment) | 6.27 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.48 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent Resting RSA (at posttreatment) | 5.77 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.59 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Child-Led Play Task (posttreatment) | 5.57 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.48 |
| Services As Usual (SAU) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during Social Engagement task (pretreatment) | 6.51 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent Resting RSA (at pretreatment) | 5.97 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.45 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Child-Led Play Task (posttreatment) | 5.58 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.54 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent Resting RSA (at posttreatment) | 5.57 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Child-Led Play Task (pretreatment) | 5.76 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.37 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Clean Up Task (pretreatment) | 5.79 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during Social Engagement task (posttreatment) | 5.98 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.46 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Clean Up Task (posttreatment) | 5.51 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.39 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during Social Engagement task (pretreatment) | 6.19 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.36 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during Social Engagement task (pretreatment) | 6.02 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.43 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent Resting RSA (at pretreatment) | 5.88 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.53 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Clean Up Task (posttreatment) | 5.41 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.43 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent Resting RSA (at posttreatment) | 5.35 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Child-Led Play Task (posttreatment) | 5.52 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during Social Engagement task (posttreatment) | 5.85 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Clean Up Task (pretreatment) | 5.71 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Engagers Only) | Parent Physiological Regulation | Parent RSA during DPICS Child-Led Play Task (pretreatment) | 5.67 ms^2 | Standard Deviation 1.44 |